Novel Amdoparvovirus Infecting Farmed Raccoon Dogs and Arctic Foxes

Abstract

A new amdoparvovirus, named raccoon dog and fox amdoparvovirus (RFAV), was identified in farmed sick raccoon dogs and arctic foxes. Phylogenetic analyses showed that RFAV belongs to a new species within the genus Amdoparvovirus of the family Parvoviridae. An RFAV strain was isolated in Crandell feline kidney cell culture.

Aleutian mink disease virus in free-ranging mustelids in Finland – a cross-sectional epidemiological and phylogenetic study

“…AMDV in free-ranging mustelids in Finland been detected in foxes and raccoon dogs in the USA, Spain and China (Bodewes et al, 2014;Li et al, 2011;Shao et al, 2014). In previous phylogenetic studies, Danish, Estonian and Canadian feral mink AMDV strains formed distinct clusters separated from the farmed mink AMDV strains (Jensen et al, 2012;Leimann et al, 2015;Nituch et al, 2012) as did Finnish AMDV strains in our analysis.…”

Ecology and Infection Dynamics of Multi-Host Amdoparvoviral and Protoparvoviral Carnivore Pathogens

“…It is not surprising that some of the viruses under investigation were not observed as they may be restricted to distant areas [17,24], to more distantly related hosts [23,24], or to captive environments [19,25,27]. However, we could also not detect the presence of SKAV, which is the closest known relative to AMDV, known to circulate with high prevalence rates among skunks of mainland BC, and for which spillover to mink has been documented [26].…”

“…Within the subfamily Parvovirinae, which so far includes only viruses of vertebrates, viruses within three genera are known to infect terrestrial carnivores, including mustelids. Nevertheless, several studies highlight how our knowledge of (parvo)virus diversity is still very limited as many novel parvoviruses, including those infecting carnivores, are being discovered [17,19,20,23,[25][26][27]. Furthermore, for many of the already known viruses we have a very limited understanding about host distribution, especially among wildlife, as they are predominantly studied in domestic or captive populations.…”

“…Currently circulating AMDV strains probably originated in North America, but viruses have been diffused worldwide as a consequence of international animal trading and similar viral strains now circulate on farms and surrounding areas around the world [18,21,22]. Furthermore, other viruses within the genus Amdoparvovirus have recently been discovered that can infect related carnivores, such as skunk amdoparvovirus (SKAV), red panda amdoparvovirus (RpAPV), raccoon dog and fox amdoparvovirus (RFAV), gray fox amdovirus (GFAV) and red fox fecal amdovirus (RFFAV) [23][24][25][26][27]. Because these viruses replicate in macrophages and viral entry is likely mediated by cellular Fc receptors recognizing antibody covered viral particles, cross-species transmission is common [18].…”

“…Because these viruses replicate in macrophages and viral entry is likely mediated by cellular Fc receptors recognizing antibody covered viral particles, cross-species transmission is common [18]. For example, AMDV has been detected in several different mustelids, cross-species transmission between mink and skunk has been documented for both AMDV and SKAV, and RFAV can infect animals within different genera of the family Canidae [18,25,26].…”