Novel and legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in bald eagle eggs from the Great Lakes region

Wu, Yan; Simon, Kendall L.; Best, David Albert; Venier, Marta

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113811

Cited by 27 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Cl-PFOS was widely found in serum samples collected from firefighters as well as in bald eagle eggs from the Great Lakes in recent years, while Cl-PFHxS has been less frequently reported in environmental samples. 58,74 Significant correlations between Cl-PFOS and PFOS were found based on our semiquantitative results (p < 0.05), indicating that they may have similar sources. This was consistent with the finding from a previous study on bald eagle eggs.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…This was consistent with the finding from a previous study on bald eagle eggs. 58 Class 9: OBS. OBS was identified from the exact m/z = 602.9570 (C 15 ).…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PFECHS was mainly used as an erosion inhibitor in aircraft hydraulic fluid and was first reported in wildlife in 2010 . The environmental occurrence of PFECHS was subsequently reported in recent years; , however, information on PFECHS production in China is still unclear . The significant increasing temporal trend in the PFECHS concentrations in the porpoise liver indicates the increasing use of PFECHS in the GBA, especially Hong Kong, and more studies on its emission sources (e.g., wastewater treatment plants and airports) in the GBA are needed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Target, Nontarget, and Suspect Screening and Temporal Trends of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Marine Mammals from the South China Sea

Wang

Ruan

Jin

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been manufactured and widely used for over 60 years. Currently, there are thousands of marketed PFASs, but only dozens of them are routinely monitored. This work involved target, nontarget, and suspect screening of PFASs in the liver of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) and finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides), two resident marine mammals in the South China Sea, stranded between 2012 and 2018. Among the 21 target PFASs, perfluorooctane sulfonate and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA) predominated in the samples, accounting for 46 and 30% of the total PFASs, respectively. Significantly higher total target PFAS concentrations (p < 0.05) were found in dolphin liver samples [3.23 × 103 ± 2.63 × 103 ng/g dry weight (dw)] than in porpoise liver samples (2.63 × 103 ± 1.10 × 103 ng/g dw). Significant increasing temporal trends (p < 0.05) were found in the concentrations of two emerging PFASs, perfluoroethylcyclohexane sulfonate and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-propanoate in porpoises, indicating increasing pollution by these emerging PFASs. Forty-four PFASs from 9 classes were additionally identified by nontarget and suspect screening, among which 15 compounds were reported for the first time in marine mammals. A primary risk assessment showed that the emerging PFAS 6:2 Cl-PFESA could have possible adverse effects in terms of reproductive injury potential on most of the investigated cetaceans.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…This was consistent with the finding from a previous study on bald eagle eggs. 58 Class 9: OBS. OBS was identified from the exact m/z = 602.9570 (C 15 ).…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Target, Nontarget, and Suspect Screening and Temporal Trends of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Marine Mammals from the South China Sea

Wang

Ruan

Jin

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…73 Besides studies with livestock poultry, the transfer of PFAS into eggs of birds has also been shown for wild birds, especially for apex predators. 74 Rudel et al 9 investigated the PFAS levels in eggs of herring gulls from the German North and Baltic Sea and described substantial levels of PFOS and PFOA in the eggs. The dominance of PFOS was also described for eggs of wild birds living in Korea 75 and seabirds from the western Indian Ocean.…”

Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transfer of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Feed into the Eggs of Laying Hens. Part 1: Analytical Results Including a Modified Total Oxidizable Precursor Assay

Göckener

Eichhorn

Lämmer

et al. 2020

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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The group of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) comprises thousands of chemicals, which are used in various industrial applications and consumer products. In this study, a feeding experiment with laying hens and feed grown on a contamination site was conducted, and PFAS were analyzed in the feed and eggs to assess the transfer of PFAS into eggs. A targeted analysis of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and different sulfonamides was performed. Additionally, the total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay was modified by fully oxidizing small amounts of the samples instead of oxidizing their extracts in order to overcome potential losses during extraction. Targeted analysis showed the presence of known PFAAs and four sulfonamides in the feed and egg yolk samples. In the plant-based feed, short-chain PFAAs, methyl and ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid (Me-and EtFOSAA), and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) were the most abundant PFAS. In the eggs, PFOS, FOSAA, and its alkylated homologues showed the highest concentrations. The TOP assay revealed the presence of substantial amounts of precursors with different chain lengths from C4 to C8. The highest relative increase of PFOA after oxidation was observed in egg yolk from the end of the exposure period (828%). The results of this study demonstrate the transfer of PFAAs and their precursors into hens' eggs and emphasize the contribution of (known and unidentified) precursors to the overall PFAS burden in edible products. The modified TOP assay approach was shown to be a powerful tool to better assess the total burden of samples with PFAS.

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“…The high persistence of PFAS results in long-term accumulation in the environment and living organisms, which increases the risk of harm. A key concern in recent years is that some replacement PFAS, such as PFBA, PFBS, and GenX, have been widely detected in surface water and groundwater. ,, PFAS can concentrate in plants, including food crops, when grown in contaminated soil or irrigated with contaminated water. ,− Bioaccumulation occurs through the food chain, with top predators (e.g., whales, bald eagles, and humans) having the highest levels. − Most concerning is that when PFAS accumulate, they can reach concentrations where hazardous effects are observed in humans and ecosystems, particularly when the effects of combined exposure to multiple PFAS are considered. , …”

Section: Environmental Exposure: Persistence Accumulation and Mobilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Basis for Managing PFAS as a Chemical Class

Kwiatkowski

Andrews

Birnbaum

et al. 2020

Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.

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371

222

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This commentary presents a scientific basis for managing as one chemical class the thousands of chemicals known as PFAS (per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances). The class includes perfluoroalkyl acids, perfluoroalkylether acids, and their precursors; fluoropolymers and perfluoropolyethers; and other PFAS. The basis for the class approach is presented in relation to their physicochemical, environmental, and toxicological properties. Specifically, the high persistence, accumulation potential, and/or hazards (known and potential) of PFAS studied to date warrant treating all PFAS as a single class. Examples are provided of how some PFAS are being regulated and how some businesses are avoiding all PFAS in their products and purchasing decisions. We conclude with options for how governments and industry can apply the class-based approach, emphasizing the importance of eliminating non-essential uses of PFAS, and further developing safer alternatives and methods to remove existing PFAS from the environment.

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Novel and legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in bald eagle eggs from the Great Lakes region

Cited by 27 publications

References 69 publications

Target, Nontarget, and Suspect Screening and Temporal Trends of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Marine Mammals from the South China Sea

Target, Nontarget, and Suspect Screening and Temporal Trends of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Marine Mammals from the South China Sea

Transfer of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Feed into the Eggs of Laying Hens. Part 1: Analytical Results Including a Modified Total Oxidizable Precursor Assay

Scientific Basis for Managing PFAS as a Chemical Class

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