Novel application of trimethyl chitosan as an adjuvant in vaccine delivery

Abstract

The application of natural carbohydrate polysaccharides for antigen delivery and its adjuvanation potential has garnered interest in the scientific community in the recent years. These biomaterials are considered favorable candidates for adjuvant development due to their desirable properties like enormous bioavailability, non-toxicity, biodegradability, stability, affordability, and immunostimulating ability. Chitosan is the one such extensively studied natural polymer which has been appreciated for its excellent applications in pharmaceuticals. Trimethyl chitosan (TMC), a derivative of chitosan, possesses these properties. In addition it has the properties of high aqueous solubility, high charge density, mucoadhesive, permeation enhancing (ability to cross tight junction), and stability over a range of ionic conditions which makes the spectrum of its applicability much broader. It has also been seen to perform analogously to alum, complete Freund’s adjuvant, incomplete Freund’s adjuvant, and cyclic guanosine monophosphate adjuvanation, which justifies its role as a potent adjuvant. Although many review articles detailing the applications of chitosan in vaccine delivery are available, a comprehensive review of the applications of TMC as an adjuvant is not available to date. This article provides a comprehensive overview of structural and chemical properties of TMC which affect its adjuvant characteristics; the efficacy of various delivery routes for TMC antigen combination; and the recent advances in the elucidation of its mechanism of action.

<p>Chitosan And N, N, N-Trimethyl Chitosan Nanoparticle Encapsulation Of <em>Ocimum Gratissimum</em> Essential Oil: Optimised Synthesis, In Vitro Release And Bioactivity</p>

“…14 Chitosan (CS) is a linear cationic polysaccharide that is obtained by the partial deacetylation of chitin, the second most abundant polysaccharide. [15][16][17] Structurally, CS consists of β-(1-4) N-acetyl-d-glucosamine and β-(1,4)-2amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose units. 18 Previous studies have demonstrated the applications of CS in the field of medicine and pharmaceutical research due to their mucoadhesive properties as well as their antibacterial, anticancer and permeation-enhancing ability for targeted drug and protein delivery.…”

“…18 Previous studies have demonstrated the applications of CS in the field of medicine and pharmaceutical research due to their mucoadhesive properties as well as their antibacterial, anticancer and permeation-enhancing ability for targeted drug and protein delivery. 17,19 Notably, a composite of CS with other polymeric material has proven useful in regenerative medicine. 20 However, one drawback in the applicability of CS is the poor solubility at neutral and alkaline conditions, which decreases drug delivery efficiency at pH values above 6.…”

“…21 This led to the synthesis of N, N, Ntrimethyl chitosan (TMC), a quaternised derivative of CS that is soluble at different pH and has improved biological and physiological properties including immunostimulatory ability, high stability, non-toxicity, high charge density and biodegradability. [15][16][17][18][19] TMC has shown a potential use as an adjuvant and in gene delivery due to its ability to form polyplexes with DNA. 17,22 The aim of this study is to propose a novel approach for the optimised synthesis of Ocimum gratissimum essential oil (OGEO)-loaded nanoparticles with distinct physiochemical properties.…”

“…[15][16][17][18][19] TMC has shown a potential use as an adjuvant and in gene delivery due to its ability to form polyplexes with DNA. 17,22 The aim of this study is to propose a novel approach for the optimised synthesis of Ocimum gratissimum essential oil (OGEO)-loaded nanoparticles with distinct physiochemical properties. Also, to the best of our knowledge, the bioactivities and in vitro release kinetic pattern of OGEO-encapsulated CS and TMC nanoparticles at varying physiological pH conditions (pH 3 and pH 7.4) have not been elucidated in the literature to date.…”

Trimethylchitosan hydrochloride obtained from lobster carapace chitin on a bench scale

“…These characteristics determine their chemical and biological properties. The main reactions involve the primary amino group, a powerful nucleophile that can undergo N acylation, quaternization, reductive amination and Schiff reactions among others, allowing introducing different functional groups in the molecule and therefore modifying their properties [10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Various alternatives to increase the solubility of chitosan have been studied.…”