“…Some of the approaches that have been tried in order to reduce the initial burst of insulin and to control the release duration and stabilization of insulin are PEGylation of insulin and addition of zinc salts, ethanol and/or glycerol, hydroxypropyl-$-cyclodextrins, sugars, salts, cationic polyelectrolyte, and nonionic and ionic surfactants to insulin. 2,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] A combination approach of two or more delivery systems such as nanoparticle-microsphere or microsphere-hydrogel has also been tried to control and prolong the release behavior of various proteins. [15][16][17][18] However, development of microparticleor nanoparticle-based delivery systems involve complicated manufacturing procedure, low drug loading, and low protein stability due to the presence of organic solvents, heat, and agitation.…”