“…The problem of individual proteins’ low immunogenicity was solved by the application of a novel safe adjuvant, spherical particles (SPs), generated by thermally induced structural remodeling of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Previously, we have published pioneering works on the characterization of SPs’ properties, including adjuvant activity and safety ( Atabekov et al, 2011 ; Nikitin et al, 2011 , 2013 , 2018b , 2018c ; Karpova et al, 2012 ; Trifonova et al, 2014 , 2015 ; Ksenofontov et al, 2019 ; Evtushenko et al, 2020 ) and several vaccine candidates against pathogens of a viral and bacterial nature have been developed ( Trifonova et al, 2017 ; Nikitin et al, 2018a ; Kurashova et al, 2020 ; Ryabchevskaya et al, 2020 , 2021 ). The authors assume that SPs in compositions with a target antigen act as a depot and this determines the adjuvant effect ( Trifonova et al, 2017 ).…”