Novel Approaches in the Drug Development and Delivery Systems for Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Abstract

The number of patients with ocular disorders has increased due to contributing factors such as aging populations, environmental changes, smoking, genetic abnormalities, etc. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the common ocular disorders which may advance to loss of vision in severe cases. The advanced form of AMD is classified into two types, dry (non-exudative) and wet (exudative) AMD. Although several therapeutic approaches are explored for the management of AMD, no approved therapy can substantially slow down the progression of dry AMD into the later stages. The focus of researchers in recent times has been engaged in developing targeted therapeutic products to halt the progression and maintain or improve vision in individuals diagnosed with AMD. The delivery of anti-VEGF agents using intravitreal therapy has found some success in managing AMD, and novel formulation approaches have been introduced in various studies to potentiate the efficacy. Some of the novel approaches, such as hydrogel, microspheres, polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, implants, etc. have been discussed. Apart from this, subretinal, suprachoroidal, and port delivery systems have also been investigated for biologics and gene therapies. The unmet potential of approved therapeutic products has contributed to several patent applications in recent years. This review outlines the current treatment options, outcomes of recent research studies, and patent details around the novel drug delivery approach for the treatment of AMD.

Hydrogel-Based Therapy for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Current Innovations, Impediments, and Future Perspectives

“…However, no pre-clinical or clinical trial employing drug-loaded contact lenses has been identified for treating AMD. Delivery via subretinal methods utilizing transconjunctival or transscleral routes faces challenges due to high invasiveness and limited access to a local region [ 61 ]. In contrast to the aforementioned administration methods, intravitreal injection continues to stand as the only competitive method for drug delivery [ 5 ] ( Figure 3 ).…”