Novel aspects of Raman spectroscopy in skin research

Abstract

The analytical technology of Raman spectroscopy has an almost 100‐year history. During this period, many modifications and developments happened in the method like discovery of laser, improvements in optical elements and sensitivity of spectrometer and also more advanced light detection systems. Many types of the innovative techniques appeared (e.g. Transmittance Raman spectroscopy, Coherent Raman Scattering microscopy, Surface‐Enhanced Raman scattering and Confocal Raman spectroscopy/microscopy). This review article gives a short description about these different Raman techniques and their possible applications. Then, a short statistical part is coming about the appearance of Raman spectroscopy in the scientific literature from the beginnings to these days. The third part of the paper shows the main application options of the technique (especially confocal Raman spectroscopy) in skin research, including skin composition analysis, drug penetration monitoring and analysis, diagnostic utilizations in dermatology and cosmeto‐scientific applications. At the end, the possible role of artificial intelligence in Raman data analysis and the regulatory aspect of these techniques in dermatology are briefly summarized. For the future of Raman Spectroscopy, increasing clinical relevance and in vivo applications can be predicted with spreading of non‐destructive methods and appearance with the most advanced instruments with rapid analysis time.

Controlled synthesis of spinous gold nanoparticles and their use for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection of the antibiotic sulfathiazole

“…Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) based on using noble metal nano-substrates has drawn much interest as a promising analytical technique for detecting organic residues at trace concentrations. [11][12][13][14] The advantage of the SERS technique is its uncomplicated sample pre-treatment procedure that makes it capable of practical analysis. Also, the level of detection sensitivity of SERS is known to approach the single molecular level.…”

“…21 Recently, the synthesis of spinous shaped nanogold has been considerably developed for maximizing the SERS intensities by creating more ''hot spots''. 14,22,23 There are many reports on the SERS detection of antibiotics based on gold nanoparticles, such as the fabrication of Au nanoparticles/ graphene oxide for the trace determination of ampicillin and nitro-furantoin by Wang et al 24 Xu et al proposed a highly promising analytical technique based on Au nanoparticles to detect trace amounts of sulfathiazole (STZ) residues in swine urine. 25 Perez et al proposed an optimized method to prepare Au nanostars with a high homogeneous degree and full tunability of plasmon resonance for enhancing the optical properties in SERS application.…”

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) by gold nanoparticle characterizes dermal thickening by collagen in bleomycin‐treated skin ex vivo

“…11 Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), which incorporates metal-based nanoparticles on the sample, could enhance Raman signals that are several orders of magnitude higher than conventional ones. 12 SERS has been used to measure glucose concentration 13 and drug delivery monitoring. 14 There have been several dozens of skin research publications using CRS in skin research, including skin cancers, and inflammatory diseases such as atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis ex vivo and in vivo.…”

“…14 There have been several dozens of skin research publications using CRS in skin research, including skin cancers, and inflammatory diseases such as atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis ex vivo and in vivo. 12 However, the application of SERS in the diagnosis of skin diseases remains very few. In fact, the acquisition of Raman signal for monitoring skin sample within rapid and user-friendly process is a technological challenge.…”

“…CRS of the skin is often hampered by fluorescent background in the Raman spectrum, making it difficult to generate high signal‐to‐noise ratios 11 . Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), which incorporates metal‐based nanoparticles on the sample, could enhance Raman signals that are several orders of magnitude higher than conventional ones 12 . SERS has been used to measure glucose concentration 13 and drug delivery monitoring 14 .…”