Novel BaTiO3/Ag/WO3 nanocomposite as LPG gas sensor: optical, morphological, and dielectric properties

p-/n-Type Switching in the Ag/BTO/TiO2 Nanocomposite as a Gas Sensor toward Ethanol, Liquefied Petroleum Gas, and Ammonia

“…The peaks at 477.78 and 488.87 cm −1 are characteristic of Ti−O stretching in BTO according to Kappadan et al 38 The peak shifts were observed in Ti−O−Ti stretching bonds at 841.78 and 906.38 cm −1 and O−Ti−O bending bonds at 1653.18 cm −1 for TiO 2 and BTO, respectively, which may be present because of the interaction with AgNPs. 23 The peak at 1653.18 cm −1 occurred corresponding to deformative vibration of the Ti−OH bond as reported by Chougala et al 39 Dielectric Properties. The dielectric properties were established as a function of the frequency from 0.01 to 2 MHz at room temperature outside the gas chamber.…”

“…The Ag/BTO/TiO 2 nanocomposite powder was compressed into a 0.65 mm thick pellet of 6 mm diameter using a hydraulic uniaxial press and then sintered at ∼300 °C for 2 h to remove the binder. The pellet was then assembled as a parallel-plate capacitor device by applying silver paste and attaching an aluminum wire on either side …”

“…46 The LOD for LPG at ∼229 ppm was within the reported range of 200−1000 ppm for the LPG MQ-6 sensor. 23 Anusha et al 47 reported a LOD of 500 ppb at a working temperature of 200 °C for their Ag− WO 3 films prepared by the spray pyrolysis method.…”

“…Among these SMOs, titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) and barium titanate [BaTiO 3 (BTO)] have shown promising gas-sensing capabilities. Gas-sensing properties of single- and multiphase TiO 2 composites based on thin films, core shells, and nanobelts were explored extensively for reductive and oxidative gases. − Studies on BTO and its secondary and ternary nanocomposites incorporating silver nanoparticle (AgNP) dopants were also published as effective gas sensors for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), NO 2 , and NH 3 . − Despite their excellent sensing properties, the performance of TiO 2 and BTO can be further enhanced by incorporating additional dopants, such as AgNPs . Wang et al reported a brief survey on the suitability of various transition and non-transition metal oxides as gas sensors by studying the surface reaction factors that influence the sensitivity of the gas molecules.…”

“…19−24 Despite their excellent sensing properties, the performance of TiO 2 and BTO can be further enhanced by incorporating additional dopants, such as AgNPs. 23 Wang et al 11 reported a brief survey on the suitability of various transition and non-transition metal oxides as gas sensors by studying the surface reaction factors that influence the sensitivity of the gas molecules. They also concluded that composite materials responded better when doped with noble metals, which act as effective catalysts for surface oxidation.…”