Novel Behavioral Assays Reveal Sex Specific Behavioral Syndromes in Anemonefish

Abstract

Sexually dimorphic behaviors are common across taxa, particularly in the contexts of parental care and territorial aggression. The false clown anemonefishAmphiprion ocellarisis unique among animals for its combination of female behavioral dominance and territoriality, protandrous sex change, and mutualistic symbiosis with sea anemones. Several laboratory studies have begun characterizing sex differences in parental care and aggression in this species, but aggression assays have mostly focused on intra-specific aggression where individual differences are large. The goals of this study were to expand the repertoire of behavioral assays available forA. ocellaris, establish repeatability of individual differences, identify assays that produce the most robust sex differences, and explore whether individual differences in correlated behaviors can be detected consistently across experimental contexts (i.e., whether behavioral syndromes can be detected). To this end, we measured 38 behaviors across 7 behavioral assays (parental care, large intruder, small intruder, male intruder, female intruder, reaction to a threat, nest maintenance) in 9 reproductively activeA. ocellarispairs under 3 different contexts (without eggs in the nest, with their own eggs, and with surrogate eggs). Behaviors were repeatedly measured three separate times (rounds) over repeated spawning cycles. We found 33 out of 38 behaviors were significantly individually repeatable across egg contexts and rounds, with an average intra-class correlation of 0.37. We found parental care, large intruder aggression, and female-oriented aggression assays produced the largest sex differences, where males performed 7-fold more egg care behaviors than females, while females performed 3.5-fold more aggressive behaviors toward a large interspecific intruder and 6.5-fold more bites toward a female intruder than males. Five different behavioral syndromes were observed in males but only one was observed in females. These results expand our understanding of sex differences in behavior and the division of labor in the iconic anemonefish. Future studies can use these assays to measure the behavioral sex of fish in the middle of sex change, in the study of behavioral plasticity, or in the study of the neuroendocrine bases of aggression and parental care in this unique species.