Novel Bio-Engineering Techniques for Construction of Next-Generation Monoclonal Antibodies in the Framework of Personalized Medicine

Abstract

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), belonging to the IgG subclass, are the most progressively growing biopharmaceutics with successful applications for the remediation of chronic disorders, including tumors, inflammatory diseases, and retinal neovascularization. Several engineered platforms have been developed recently for the construction of new generations of these recombinant proteins with improved affinity, improved antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) function, improved effector activity, and therapeutic properties. These include engineered antibody fusion proteins such as CAR-T and CAR-NK cells, immunotoxin, bispecific antibodies, antibody-cytokine, and drug-conjugated antibodies. This chapter discusses various bioengineering techniques, focusing on genetic and protein engineering methods. Besides, it describes the superiority and drawbacks of these technologies for monoclonal antibody production by considering stability, effectiveness, affinity, and bio-safety for human applications. There is still potential for developing a novel technique that is straightforward, rapid, and affordable while ensuring the stability and efficiency of these biotherapeutic agents in the framework of personalized medicine. Contribution of these novel techniques to develop antibodies for personalized medicine application is anticipated through the quick generation of individual-specific antibodies with better therapeutic efficacy, affinity, and stability as well as the development of combinatorial medications and innovative antibody delivery platforms.