Novel Biomarkers Associated with Deep Venous Thrombosis: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Primary and recurrent venous thromboembolic disease (VTE, deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism) remain a significant source of morbidity and mortality in the hospitalized patient. Non-specific subjective complaints and lack of specific objective findings related to acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) complicate the diagnosis. There remains no single serum marker available to exclusively confirm the diagnosis of VTE. While D-dimer is highly sensitive and useful for diagnostic exclusion, it lacks the specificity necessary for diagnostic confirmation resulting in the need for a variety of additional studies (i.e.: duplex ultrasound, venography, V/Q scanning, helical thoracic and pelvic CT scans and pulmoary angiography). There is evolving research supporting the utility of various plasma markers as novel “biomarkers” for VTE including selectins, microparticles, interleukin-10 and other cytokines. This review attempts to examine recent literature assessing the utility of P-selectin, microparticles, D-dimer, E-selectin, thrombin, interleukins and fibrin monomers in the diagnosis and guidance of therapy for VTE.

Discrepant coagulation profile in HIV infection

“…The Strategies for Management of Anti-Retroviral Therapy (SMART) trial found higher levels of D-dimer in individuals on intermittent than on continuous cART [31], and D-dimer levels declined after cART initiation [32]. However, D-dimer is a nonspecific marker associated with nonatherosclerotic morbidity and mortality in the general population [32], and elevated values may reflect increased fibrinolysis in a context with increased clot formation [33]. The present study confirmed the previously described elevated D-dimer in untreated HIV infection, suggesting enhanced fibrin(ogen) clot degradation as a consequence of enhanced clot formation.…”

Detection of Pulmonary Embolism with 99mTc-Labeled F(ab)2 Fragment of Anti-P-Selectin Monoclonal Antibody in Dogs

“…It consists of a spectrum of clinical disorders, including asymptomatic or symptomatic deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism. Non-specific subjective complaints and lack of specific objective findings related to deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism complicate the diagnosis (Barnes et al 2008).…”

Comparing effects of different routes of heparin administration on the serum biomarkers of thrombosis

“…Also inflammatory biomarkers have been proposed for prediction of thrombosis events. These biomarkers are D-dimer, P-selectin, inflammatory cytokines including IL-10 and fibrin monomers [20][21][22]. In this study, effects of different methods of UFH administration; sc.…”