Novel Biomarkers in Histopathology: Implications for Diagnosis and Prognosis

Abstract

Identification of new biomarkers in histopathology for better understanding of disease diagnosis and outcome has received interest. Significant progresses have been achieved in these fronts in cancer diagnosis through biomarkers in different tumors including Ki-67. Ki-67 is a biomarker that is used to support its diagnostic and prognostic cost showing potential in diseases like gliomas, meningiomas, medulloblastomas, and ependymomas. HER2 is overexpressed for the diagnosis and predictability of breast cancer, while MSMB and PSG2 are ideal biomarkers for prostate adenocarcinoma. Cancer has dominated most of the study conducted within this field, therefore it is important for the research to go on and apply these new biomarkers in clinical facilities for enhancement in diagnosis and prediction of other diseases. It is noteworthy that other directions, for instance therapeutic response, reveal a considerable rise in comparison with the indicators of the last year. Some of the new biomarkers require additional new complex and costly technology, but the researchers agree that these discoveries and practising the new biomarkers should help clinicians make a better decision depending on the correct assessment of the patient’s state. Moreover, many biomarkers still need confirming in the samples used as examinations. Today, new biomarkers that are applied to cancer diagnostics are based on the availability of simple samples including sweat, urine, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and saliva. It is important to increase the use of such samples since obtaining them is easy, and the subject can be sampled with little or no interferences at all in terms of invasiveness. The convenience not only increases the willingness of the patient in compliance to the diagnostic process, but also delivers a far enhanced healthcare experience and results. Therefore, with the help of the biomarkers presented earlier and implementing them together with other innovative state of the art techniques for detection and identification, the process has been revolutionized. They possess remarkable features that are essential owing to the fact that biomarker molecules that cannot be identified by routine assessment modalities because of structural or molecular weight differences are well highlighted. In other words, these techniques have provided a first-of-its-kind approach to recognising and identifying innovative evaluation and analysis techniques for biomarkers. However, it is imperative that such strategies come with related costs and expenses in order to be executed. However, relying on the mentioned considerations, mass spectrometry is invariably recognized as probably the most advisable and definitely the preferred option to implement in laboratories or commercial as well as medical facilities. Over all while the cost implication of mass spectrometry are somewhat high they are offset by the advantages of high accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the technique. It has evolved as a critical asset for biomarker analysis and clinical use, which in the long run results in better prognosis of cancer and precise therapy intercession. They add that the ongoing upgrade and enhancement of mass spectrometry technologies produce new advances in biomarker analysis, thus maintaining mass spectrometry as the focus of the biomarker.