Novel Candidates for Vaccine Development Against Mycoplasma Capricolum Subspecies Capripneumoniae (Mccp)—Current Knowledge and Future Prospects

Abstract

Exploration of novel candidates for vaccine development against Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae (Mccp), the causative agent of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP), has recently gained immense importance due to both the increased number of outbreaks and the alarming risk of transboundary spread of disease. Treatment by antibiotics as the only therapeutic strategy is not a viable option due to pathogen persistence, economic issues, and concerns of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, prophylactics or vaccines are becoming important under the current scenario. For quite some time inactivated, killed, or attenuated vaccines proved to be beneficial and provided good immunity up to a year. However, their adverse effects and requirement for larger doses led to the need for production of large quantities of Mccp. This is challenging because the required culture medium is costly and Mycoplasma growth is fastidious and slow. Furthermore, quality control is always an issue with such vaccines. Currently, novel candidate antigens including capsular polysaccharides (CPS), proteins, enzymes, and genes are being evaluated for potential use as vaccines. These have shown potential immunogenicity with promising results in eliciting protective immune responses. Being easy to produce, specific, effective and free from side effects, these novel vaccine candidates can revolutionize vaccination against CCPP. Use of novel proteomic approaches, including sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectroscopy, fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC), bioinformatics, computerized simulation and genomic approaches, including multilocus sequence analysis, next-generation sequencing, basic local alignment search tool (BLAST), gene expression, and recombinant expression, will further enable recognition of ideal antigenic proteins and virulence genes with vaccination potential.

Development and Evaluation of an Immuno-Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay to Quantify the Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (Mccp) Protein in Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) Vaccine

“…is is similar to the correlation ( 2 ) reported [32] in G-protein based ELISA as potency test for rabies vaccine. amount of protein required (0.150 mg/ml) [34]. e two assay results showed a discrepancy for the quantification of proteins in CCPP vaccine which can be explained by the fact that the BCA method measures the total protein in the sample, while the ICE targets a specific antigen of Mccp.…”

Inequality in measles vaccination coverage in the “big six” countries of the WHO South-East Asia region

“…We found no inequalities in MCV1 coverage by child gender in most countries, which has been corroborated by previous publications. 8,39 India, the only country where gender-related inequality remained, 40 needs to strengthen its gender justice, especially that targeting girl's rights in terms of access to basic healthcare services.…”

Computational Biology and Chemistry

“…All this information is of great help, since it is used in different research areas, such as detection of diagnostic markers, candidates for vaccine production, understanding the mechanisms of pathogenicity, alteration of expression patterns in response to different signals and interpretation of functional protein pathways in different diseases [93][94][95][96][97][98].…”