“…MDSCs exhibit low expression of Human Leukocyte Antigen–DR isotype (HLA-DR) and CD14, the cell surface receptors essential for proper immune responses to antigens, resulting in an immune response defect ( 43 , 48 ). The activation and recruitment of MDSCs in the TME is mediated through increased production of specific chemokines, cytokines, and factors, including IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, CCL5, CCL2, CXCL2, CXCL5, CXCL12, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and granulocytic-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in TME ( 49 – 52 ). These molecules are critical in shaping the tumor microenvironment and promoting MDSC-mediated immune suppression.…”