Novel Clade 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A H5N8 and H5N5 Viruses in Denmark, 2020

Liang, Yuan; Nissen, Jakob Nybo; Krog, Jesper Schak; Breum, Solvej Østergaard; Trebbien, Ramona; Larsen, Lars Erik; Hjulsager, Charlotte Kristiane

doi:10.3390/v13050886

Cited by 26 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…For network analysis, the eight gene segment alignments of the H5N8 viral genome sequences from the current outbreak in the Netherlands were concatenated to generate a single alignment. This was used to construct phylogenetic networks using the median-joining method implemented in the program NETWORK (Fluxus Technology Ltd.; 31 ), as described previously ( 17 ). This model-free method uses a parsimony approach, based on pairwise differences, to connect each sequence to its closest neighbor, and allows creation of internal nodes (“median vectors”), which could be interpreted as unsampled or extinct ancestral genotypes to link the existing genotypes in the most parsimonious way.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple Introductions of Reassorted Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5Nx Viruses Clade 2.3.4.4b Causing Outbreaks in Wild Birds and Poultry in The Netherlands, 2020-2021

et al. 2022

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple Introductions of Reassorted Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5Nx Viruses Clade 2.3.4.4b Causing Outbreaks in Wild Birds and Poultry in The Netherlands, 2020-2021

et al. 2022

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“…For whole genome sequencing, next generation sequencing was performed on eightsegment mixtures amplified in a single tube for each sample using the primers MBTuni12R and MBTuni13 [28], essentially as previously described [29]. Briefly, eight-segment amplification mixes were purified with High Pure PCR Product Purification Kit (Roche, Hvidovre, Denmark) and sequenced using the Nextera library preparation method and Illumina MiSeq paired-end 150 base pair sequencing.…”

Section: Sequencing and Consensus Sequence Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Characterization of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses H5N6 Detected in Denmark in 2018–2019

Liang

Krog

Ryt-Hansen

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Beginning in late 2017, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N6 viruses caused outbreaks in wild birds and poultry in several European countries. H5N6 viruses were detected in 43 wild birds found dead throughout Denmark. Most of the Danish virus-positive dead birds were found in the period from February to April 2018. However, unlike the rest of Europe, sporadic HPAI H5N6-positive dead wild birds were detected in Denmark in July, August, September, and December 2018, with the last positive bird being found in January 2019. HPAI viruses were not detected in active surveillance of apparently healthy wild birds. In this study, we use full genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to investigate the wild bird HPAI H5N6 viruses found in Denmark. The Danish viruses were found to be closely related to those of contemporary HPAI H5N6 viruses detected in Europe. Their sequences formed two clusters indicating that at least two or more introductions of H5N6 into Denmark occurred. Notably, all viruses detected in the latter half of 2018 and in 2019 grouped into the same cluster. The H5N6 viruses appeared to have been maintained undetected in the autumn 2018.

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“…2 ). The H5 clade 2.3.4.4b had evolved at around 2016 and currently this clade predominates worldwide ( World Health Organization, 2018 ; Lee et al, 2017b ; Lee et al, 2017a ; Chen et al, 2019 ; Le & Nguyen, 2014 ; Yamaji et al, 2020 ; Gu et al, 2013 ; Tarek et al, 2021 ; Zhang et al, 2020 ; Pohlmann et al, 2019 ; Laleye et al, 2021 ; Lewis et al, 2021 ; Globig et al, 2017 ; Liang et al, 2020 ; Baek et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of the A/H5N8 subtype, clade 2.3.4.4b, caused outbreaks in Kazakhstan in 2020

Amirgazin

Shevtsov

Karibayev³

et al. 2022

PeerJ

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Background Large poultry die-offs happened in Kazakhstan during autumn of 2020. The birds’ disease appeared to be avian influenza. Northern Kazakhstan was hit first and then the disease propagated across the country affecting eleven provinces. This study reports the results of full-genome sequencing of viruses collected during the outbreaks and investigation of their relationship to avian influenza virus isolates in the contemporary circulation in Eurasia. Methods Samples were collected from diseased birds during the 2020 outbreaks in Kazakhstan. Initial virus detection and subtyping was done using RT-PCR. Ten samples collected during expeditions to Northern and Southern Kazakhstan were used for full-genome sequencing of avian influenza viruses. Phylogenetic analysis was used to compare viruses from Kazakhstan to viral isolates from other world regions. Results Phylogenetic trees for hemagglutinin and neuraminidase show that viruses from Kazakhstan belong to the A/H5N8 subtype and to the hemagglutinin H5 clade 2.3.4.4b. Deduced hemagglutinin amino acid sequences in all Kazakhstan’s viruses in this study contain the polybasic cleavage site (KRRKR-G) indicative of the highly pathogenic phenotype. Building phylogenetic trees with the Bayesian phylogenetics results in higher statistical support for clusters than using distance methods. The Kazakhstan’s viruses cluster with isolates from Southern Russia, the Russian Caucasus, the Ural region, and southwestern Siberia. Other closely related prototypes are from Eastern Europe. The Central Asia Migratory Flyway passes over Kazakhstan and birds have intermediate stops in Northern Kazakhstan. It is postulated that the A/H5N8 subtype was introduced with migrating birds. Conclusion The findings confirm the introduction of the highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the A/Goose/Guangdong/96 (Gs/GD) H5 lineage in Kazakhstan. This virus poses a tangible threat to public health. Considering the results of this study, it looks justifiable to undertake measures in preparation, such as install sentinel surveillance for human cases of avian influenza in the largest pulmonary units, develop a human A/H5N8 vaccine and human diagnostics capable of HPAI discrimination.

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Novel Clade 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A H5N8 and H5N5 Viruses in Denmark, 2020

Cited by 26 publications

References 22 publications

Multiple Introductions of Reassorted Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5Nx Viruses Clade 2.3.4.4b Causing Outbreaks in Wild Birds and Poultry in The Netherlands, 2020-2021

Multiple Introductions of Reassorted Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5Nx Viruses Clade 2.3.4.4b Causing Outbreaks in Wild Birds and Poultry in The Netherlands, 2020-2021

Molecular Characterization of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses H5N6 Detected in Denmark in 2018–2019

Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of the A/H5N8 subtype, clade 2.3.4.4b, caused outbreaks in Kazakhstan in 2020

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