Novel color M-mode echocardiography for non-invasive assessment of the intraventricular pressure in goats: Feasibility, repeatability, and the effect of sedation

Abstract

BackgroundThe intraventricular pressure difference (IVPD) and intraventricular pressure gradients (IVPG), estimated from color M-mode echocardiography (CMME) of the transmitral flow, have been introduced as novel indices for the evaluation of heart functions. Until now, no study demonstrated the feasibility of the CMME approach to measure IVPD and IVPG in any farm animals. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and repeatability of CMME-derived IVPD and IVPG variables in goats and explore the effect of sedation on the measured variables.Materials and methodsSixteen male Shiba goats were included in this study and underwent conventional echocardiography. Eight goats were used in the repeatability of IVPD/IVPG variables. Another eight goats were used to evaluate the effect of sedation by xylazine on IVPD/IVPG measurements. CMME between the base and the apex of the left ventricle was carried out. The IVPD and IVPG were analyzed using in-house code software. The IVPD and IVPG were expressed as total, basal, mid-to-apical, mid, and apical segments. Data analysis including the imaging quality score (IQS), repeatability, variability, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), as well as the effect size of sedation on the measured variables was calculated.ResultsIVPD and IVPG variables from CMME were feasible in all goats. Low to moderate variability of IVPD and IVPG variables was observed (CV 95% <25%) except for the apical IVPD and apical IVPG. The IVPD/IVPG measurements were repeatable without a significant effect of animal or time on the obtained measurements. The overall ICC was higher than 0.75 in all variables except for the apical segment. Xylazine administration reduced the total, basal, and mid parts of IVPD and IVPG with a large effect size (biserial ranked correlation; rc > 0.8).ConclusionWe reported, for the first time, IVPD and IVPG measurements by CMME in goats. The assessment of IVPD and IVPG by CMME is feasible in goats which can be evaluated in further cardiovascular or pharmacological studies in this species.

Effect of trehalose on heart functions in rats model after myocardial infarction: assessment of novel intraventricular pressure and heart rate variability

“…Our results demonstrated varying significant correlations and regressions among the IVPG, HRV, and conventional echocardiographic parameters. Specifically, our findings regarding IVPG were consistent with previously reported results in rats, dogs, and goats ( 33 , 98 , 99 ), which also showed varying correlations between heart function parameters and IVPG variables. Furthermore, we observed a significant correlation and regression between HRV measurement and heart function parameters ( 100 , 101 ).…”

Non-Invasive Assessment of the Intraventricular Pressure Using Novel Color M-Mode Echocardiography in Animal Studies: Current Status and Future Perspectives in Veterinary Medicine

“…The current trend in cardiovascular disease diagnostic techniques is aimed at the prediction and early diagnosis of heart failure before the onset of clinical symptoms. For the efficient use of various animals as a candidate for cardiology research, novel echocardiographic techniques are also pertinent for validation in the used model for the accurate interpretation of pathological or pharmacological conditions [79,83,84]. Consequently, it is important to continue researching the physiology of IVF in various animal species, including farm animals, particularly in species in which a well-aligned apical view is achievable, such as small ruminants.…”

“…Consequently, it is important to continue researching the physiology of IVF in various animal species, including farm animals, particularly in species in which a well-aligned apical view is achievable, such as small ruminants. In this regard, serial studies have been conducted on goats; however, only one study has been published [79]. Assessment of IVF in some farm animals, such as goats, might explore new aspects of the pathophysiological consequences of cardiometabolic disorders concerning pharmacology, age, level of nutrition, and production status [76,77,79,[85][86][87][88].…”

“…The IVPD and IVPG data in normal goats were comparatively similar to the obtained data from canine studies. Upon examination of goats with CMME, the effect of sedation with xylazine on CMME variables, including the total, basal, and mid-parts of both IVPD and IVPG, was significantly reduced in sedated goats compared with the baseline [79]. A recent study revealed that acute administration of melatonin, a pineal hormone with antioxidant, cardiovascular, and reproductive functions, enhanced testicular hemodynamics and metabolomics in goats [80].…”

“…Recently, the feasibility of CMME-derived IVPD and IVPG measurements in wakeful and sedated goats as well as after pharmacological modulation of the heart was evaluated. Assessment of IVPD and IVPG from CMME was possible in goats and can be used for further cardiovascular experimentations [79]. In goats, as in dogs, both IVPD and IVPG were expressed as total, basal, mid-to-apical, mid, and apical parts.…”