Novel cross-linked anion exchange membrane based on hexaminium functionalized poly(vinylbenzyl chloride)

Vengatesan, S.; Santhi, S.; Sozhan, Ganapathy; Ravichandran, S.; Davidson, D. Jonas; Vasudevan, Subramanyan

doi:10.1039/c4ra16203j

Cited by 45 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The complete transformation of the CH2Cl groups to quaternary ammonium salts is shown by the FTIR spectra as bands representative of the CH2Cl group (1265 and 700 cm −1 ) are replaced by those representative of quaternary ammonium groups (1320-1465 and 1057 cm −1 ) (Figure 4) [31]. A large molar excess of DABCO was used to avoid the possibility of cross-linking between pVBC chains through the quaternization of both DABCO tertiary amine groups.…”

Section: Ionomer Synthesis and Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the Energy Efficiency of Direct Formate Fuel Cells with a Pd/C-CeO2 Anode Catalyst and Anion Exchange Ionomer in the Catalyst Layer

et al. 2018

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This article describes the development of a high power density Direct Formate Fuel Cell (DFFC) fed with potassium formate (KCOOH). The membrane electrode assembly (MEA) contains no platinum metal. The cathode catalyst is FeCo/C combined with a commercial anion exchange membrane (AEM). To enhance the power output and energy efficiency we have employed a nanostructured Pd/C-CeO 2 anode catalyst. The activity for the formate oxidation reaction (FOR) is enhanced when compared to a Pd/C catalyst with the same Pd loading. Fuel cell tests at 60 • C show a peak power density of almost 250 mW cm −2 . The discharge energy (14 kJ), faradic efficiency (89%) and energy efficiency (46%) were determined for a single fuel charge (30 mL of 4 M KCOOH and 4 M KOH). Energy analysis demonstrates that removal of the expensive KOH electrolyte is essential for the future development of these devices. To compensate we apply for the first time a polymeric ionomer in the catalyst layer of the anode electrode. A homopolymer is synthesized by the radical polymerization of vinyl benzene chloride followed by amination with 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO). The energy delivered, energy efficiency and fuel consumption efficiency of DFFCs fed with 4 M KCOOH are doubled with the use of the ionomer.

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Section: Ionomer Synthesis and Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the Energy Efficiency of Direct Formate Fuel Cells with a Pd/C-CeO2 Anode Catalyst and Anion Exchange Ionomer in the Catalyst Layer

et al. 2018

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“…whereas at the same temperature, P-25µm-0.5%CL and P-25µm-1%CL membranes exhibited proton conductivities values limited at 54.7 mS•cm -1 and 47.3 mS•cm -1 , respectively. These results could be explained by the effect of more a pronounced cross-linking which results in restrict chain mobility and thus lower PEM proton-conduction performance 7,[50][51] . Moreover, the cross-linker applied, i.e.…”

Section: Crosslinking Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hierarchical Porous Polybenzimidazole Microsieves: An Efficient Architecture for Anhydrous Proton Transport via Polyionic Liquids

Kallem

Drobek

Julbe

et al. 2017

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Liquid-induced phase-separation micromolding (LIPSμM) has been successfully used for manufacturing hierarchical porous polybenzimidazole (HPBI) microsieves (42-46% porosity, 30-40 μm thick) with a specific pore architecture (pattern of macropores: ∼9 μm in size, perforated, dispersed in a porous matrix with a 50-100 nm pore size). Using these microsieves, proton-exchange membranes were fabricated by the infiltration of a 1H-3-vinylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide liquid and divinylbenzene (as a cross-linker), followed by in situ UV polymerization. Our approach relies on the separation of the ion conducting function from the structural support function. Thus, the polymeric ionic liquid (PIL) moiety plays the role of a proton conductor, whereas the HPBI microsieve ensures the mechanical resistance of the system. The influence of the porous support architecture on both proton transport performance and mechanical strength has been specifically investigated by means of comparison with straight macroporous (36% porosity) and randomly nanoporous (68% porosity) PBI counterparts. The most attractive results were obtained with the poly[1-(3H-imidazolium)ethylene]bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide PIL cross-linked with 1% divinylbenzene supported on HPBI membranes with a 21-μm-thick skin layer, achieving conductivity values up to 85 mS cm at 200 °C under anhydrous conditions and in the absence of mineral acids.

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“…16,17 For examples beyond other PBIs, [18][19][20] great alkaline stability was reported for blend membrane of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) to survive in 8 M KOH up to 360 h with a hydroxide ion conductivity of 25 mS cm À1 in water at 25 C. 21,22 Benzyl halides in the polymer backbone or side chains when reacted with trimethylamine (TMA) or hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) formed structures that contained no or less b-hydrogen atoms to the quaternary nitrogen. 23,24 In these cases, however, a different degradation mode became dominant where the hydroxide ion attacked at the a-carbon leading to deamination. In most cases, however, synthesis of polymers with no b-hydrogen atoms contained complex processes and therefore, a potential industrial scale-up would be costly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anion exchange membranes containing no β-hydrogen atoms on ammonium groups: synthesis, properties, and alkaline stability

Koronka

Miyatake

2021

RSC Adv.

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Novel cross-linked anion exchange membrane based on hexaminium functionalized poly(vinylbenzyl chloride)

Abstract: A novel cross-linked poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) anion exchange membrane is prepared using β-hydrogen free ‘hexamine’ as an amination agent.

Cited by 45 publications

References 41 publications

Improving the Energy Efficiency of Direct Formate Fuel Cells with a Pd/C-CeO2 Anode Catalyst and Anion Exchange Ionomer in the Catalyst Layer

Improving the Energy Efficiency of Direct Formate Fuel Cells with a Pd/C-CeO2 Anode Catalyst and Anion Exchange Ionomer in the Catalyst Layer

Hierarchical Porous Polybenzimidazole Microsieves: An Efficient Architecture for Anhydrous Proton Transport via Polyionic Liquids

Anion exchange membranes containing no β-hydrogen atoms on ammonium groups: synthesis, properties, and alkaline stability

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