Novel evidence on sepsis-inducing pathogens: from laboratory to bedside

Abstract

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition and a significant cause of preventable morbidity and mortality globally. Among the leading causative agents of sepsis are bacterial pathogens Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus pyogenes, along with fungal pathogens of the Candida species. Here, we focus on evidence from human studies but also include in vitro and in vivo cellular and molecular evidence, exploring how bacterial and fungal pathogens are associated with bloodstream infection and sepsis. This review presents a narrative update on pathogen epidemiology, virulence factors, host factors of susceptibility, mechanisms of immunomodulation, current therapies, antibiotic resistance, and opportunities for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics, through the perspective of bloodstream infection and sepsis. A list of curated novel host and pathogen factors, diagnostic and prognostic markers, and potential therapeutical targets to tackle sepsis from the research laboratory is presented. Further, we discuss the complex nature of sepsis depending on the sepsis-inducing pathogen and host susceptibility, the more common strains associated with severe pathology and how these aspects may impact in the management of the clinical presentation of sepsis.

Elucidating common pathogenic transcriptional networks in infective endocarditis and sepsis: integrated insights from biomarker discovery and single-cell RNA sequencing

“…Infective endocarditis (IE) shares similar pathogenic mechanisms with sepsis and may be caused by infections bacteria such as Staphylococcus and Streptococcus (15)(16)(17). In addition to exhibiting invasive and destructive properties on the surface of the endocardium, the pathogenic bacteria of IE may also lead to systemic infections, excessive activation of the immune system through the secretion of exotoxins, and the development of sepsis complications.…”

Editorial: Role of membrane-bound and circulating endoglin in disease

“…Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that arises from a dysregulated host response to infection. It can progress, first to severe sepsis, and then to septic shock, leading to a blood pressure drop and multiple organ damage and failure ( 29 , 30 ). The World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized sepsis as a major cause of preventable morbidity and mortality worldwide, highlighting the common and nosocomial pathogens involved in this condition, and alarming pathogen resistance to antibiotics ( 31 ).…”

Fabrication of liposome-chitosa N-ZnO nanohybrid integrated with Carissa Spinarum extract for antibacterial application

“…Bacterial infections were reportedly the second-leading cause of death in 2019 after ischemic heart disorders, affecting all age groups and contributing to 7.7 million fatalities globally (Kravanja et al, 2019). Five bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas auregnosa, and E. coli were responsible for 55% of the 7.7 million deaths, with S. aureus being mostly responsible for up to 1.1 million of those deaths (Gatica et al, 2023;Ravanja et al, 2019).…”