Novel Highly Effective Medical Treatment of Severe Treatment Refractory Crohnʼs Disease Using Sympathomimetic Amines: Case Report

Gastrointestinal Dopamine in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Review

“…Ultimately, twenty-four studies satisfied the predetermined criteria and were included into this qualitative analysis [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ]. The PRISMA flow diagram is illustrated in Figure 2 .…”

“…All of the above-mentioned studies clearly imply the importance of catecholaminergic neurotransmission during the intestinal inflammation that is characteristic of IBD. Case studies ( Table 1 [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ]) support this importance yet their clinical significance is insufficient. All in all, the human subject data is preliminary due to the limited number of human subjects included in the studies and the incomplete picture of the role of gastrointestinal DA in the development and progression of IBD pathology.…”

“…DAT-positive staining in the normal colon was expressed in epithelial, endothelial, and neural cells of both enteric plexuses, while IA-damaged colonic mucosae exhibited decreased DAT-immunoreactivity. In inflamed colonic mucosae, DAT-positive staining was predominantly localized on the surface of colonocytes [ 33 ]. DAT removes DA from the synaptic cleft and deposits it into surrounding cells, which terminates the signal of the neurotransmitter [ 65 ].…”

“…The existing data from animal models [ 27 , 38 , 41 , 42 , 43 ] together with case reports [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ] support the need to clarify if adjuvant therapy with L-DOPA on selective dopamine agonists would positively impact on the progression of IBD. CD and UC are both chronic relapsing and remitting IBDs of complex etiopathogenesis [ 80 , 81 ].…”

Case report showing that a woman with ulcerative colitis refractory to standard therapy responded well to the sympathomimetic amine dextroamphetamine sulfate

“…1 The therapy was purposely prescribed because of previously demonstrated significant improvement following dextroamphetamine sulfate in symptoms from motility disorders of the gastrointestinal (GI) system including esophageal motility disorders, gastroparesis, and pseudointestinal obstruction. 2 There has been considerable recent evidence both in animal and human models that inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with sympathetic neural dysfunction.…”