Novel Highly Efficient In-Band Pump Wavelengths for Medium Slope Efficiency Holmium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers

Tench, Robert E.; Walasik, Wiktor; Delavaux, Jean-Marc

doi:10.1109/jlt.2021.3067600

Cited by 18 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Table 4 exhibits a comprehensive comparison of major results obtained for our proposed design and of the previous studies. It may be observed that our proposed amplifier design with optimized parameters has better performance as compared to the results of the past studies as mentioned in [5,[12][13][14]16]. There are few past studies in the literature [22,26,27] in which the authors have demonstrated higher peak gains and output powers as compared to the same in the proposed work.…”

Section: Sr Nomentioning

confidence: 60%

“…R. E. Tench et al proposed a medium efficiency HDFA design employing an alternate pump wavelength of 1.84 µm instead of conventional in-band pump wavelength of 1.940 µm. Using this new pump wavelength, a small-signal peak gain and output power of 54 dB and 1 W, respectively are obtained at signal wavelength of 2.050 µm while incorporating a short length of HDF equals to 3 m [5]. A NF of 6.8 dB and PCE of 64% is also demonstrated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…It is reported recently that HDFAs operating beyond 2 µm have attracted rapid research interests due to potential applications in various emerging technologies such as light detection and ranging, high capacity DWDM networks, coherent lightwave systems, and sensing applications [5][6][7][8][9]. HDFAs have multiple advantages compared to other DFAs such as high power conversion efficiency (PCE), high gain, high output power, and mid-IR amplification [5]. The significance of 2-2.15 µm wavelength range in the applications of optical communication and optical sensor technology is undeniable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wind sensing enables us to forecast weather conditions, track storms and ensure the safety of airlines [10]. HDFAs exhibit extremely high small-signal gain, low NF, high output power, and high PCE, as compared to other DFAs [5]. Therefore, Holmium is being considered as an excellent rare-earth element for employment as gain medium as compared to Thulium for 2-2.15 µm wavelength range for optical communication and sensing applications [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DFAs have researched widely since past few decades but as such HDFAs are concerned, we find handful contributions such as [5,[12][13][14][15][16][17] because this dopant is being recently considered for applications in 2-2.15 µm wavelength range. R. E. Tench et al proposed a medium efficiency HDFA design employing an alternate pump wavelength of 1.84 µm instead of conventional in-band pump wavelength of 1.940 µm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Performance Optimization of Holmium Doped Fiber Amplifiers for Optical Communication Applications in 2–2.15 μm Wavelength Range

et al. 2022

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In this paper, we address the performance optimization of Holmium doped fiber amplifier (HDFA) for optical communications in 2–2.15 μm wavelength range based on a single in-band forward pump source. The performance of the HDFA is analyzed with the help of theoretical simulations by considering an optimized length of Holmium doped fiber (HDF), doping concentration of Ho3+, and pump power. The impact of signal wavelength and power on gain, amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise, and noise figure (NF) of the amplifier is investigated. Furthermore, we investigate the variations in the gain of the amplifier, its output power, and NF by varying the power and wavelength of the pump source. After optimizing the parameters of the amplifier, the peak gain observed is around 56.5 dB, the 3 dB saturated output power obtained is 33.3 dBm, and the output power is 3 W at signal wavelength of 2.0321 μm for HDF having an optimized length of 12 m and pump power of 3.5 W. Minimum NF of around 8.2 dB is observed at 2.0321 μm for signal power of −5 dBm. The impact of ion-ion interaction on the performance of HDFA is also investigated. A reduction of 24.2 dB and 0.051 W is observed in peak gain and output power of HDFA, respectively by considering the ion-ion interaction.

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Section: Sr Nomentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Performance Optimization of Holmium Doped Fiber Amplifiers for Optical Communication Applications in 2–2.15 μm Wavelength Range

et al. 2022

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Pumping scheme for Holmium‐doped fiber amplifiers using traditional 1480 nm pumps exploiting cascaded lasers implemented using fiber Bragg gratings

Kanwal,

Atieh,

Ghafoor

et al. 2023

Micro & Optical Tech Letters

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Diversity in design is an important factor that enables developers to explore techniques aiming to reduce cost, complexity, and manufacturability. The optical window around 2000 nm is attracting rapid research considerations for the next generation optical networks as a continuation of C‐, L‐, and U‐bands. Optical amplifier is considered to be one of the major research directions in this optical window. Holmium‐doped fiber amplifier is an appropriate component to amplify signals in this optical window. But, the major issue is the pump laser for pumping the Holmium‐doped fiber (HDF) is that it is costly and not readily procurable. In a pioneering design, the authors introduced a method to pump the HDF using traditional 1480 nm pump diode by taking the advantage of cascaded lasers which were made of Erbium‐doped fiber (EDF) and Thulium‐doped fiber (TDF). In this paper, we propose an alternate method for pumping the HDF using commercially available 1480 nm pump diode by exploiting cascaded lasers implemented using two pairs of reflective fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) and pieces of EDF and TDF. The EDF in the first laser is excited with a standard 1480 nm pump diode to create 1610 nm continuous wave (CW) laser which is used to excite the TDF in the second laser to generate 1950 nm CW laser that is used to pump the HDF. Peak gain of 40.5, 36, and 23 dB can be attained corresponding to –30, –15, and 0 dBm signal powers, respectively at 2055.6 nm signal wavelength. Output powers of 10.5, 21, and 23 dBm are obtained for –30, –15, and 0 dBm signal powers, respectively at 2055.6 nm signal wavelength. Noise figures (NFs) of 5, 4.2, and 4 dB are observed at signal wavelength of 2066.7 nm for signal powers of −30, −15, and 0 dBm, respectively. Penalty of 4.5 dB has been observed both in peak gain and power at 2055.6 nm signal wavelength for signal power of −15 dBm considering the pair induced quenching. Finally, the proposed alternate pumping scheme is compared with the previous pumping scheme in terms of 3 dB gain bandwidth and NF. It has been observed that 88% increase in 3 dB gain bandwidth and 19% decrease in NF at a signal wavelength of 2044.4 nm for signal power of –30 dBm is noticed in the proposed pumping scheme.

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From Optical Fiber Communications to Bioimaging: Wavelength Division Multiplexing Technology for Simplified in vivo Large‐depth NIR‐IIb Fluorescence Confocal Microscopy

Mou,

Wu,

Zhao

et al. 2024

Small Methods

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Near‐infrared II (NIR‐II, 900–1880 nm) fluorescence confocal microscopy offers high spatial resolution and extensive in vivo imaging capabilities. However, conventional confocal microscopy requires precise pinhole positioning, posing challenges due to the small size of the pinhole and invisible NIR‐II fluorescence. To simplify this, a fiber optical wavelength division multiplexer (WDM) replaces dichroic mirrors and traditional pinholes for excitation and fluorescence beams, allowing NIR‐IIb (1500–1700 nm) fluorescence and excitation light to be coupled into the same optical fiber. This streamlined system seamlessly integrates key components—excitation light, detector, and scanning microscopy—via optical fibers. Compared to traditional NIR‐II confocal systems, the fiber optical WDM configuration offers simplicity and ease of adjustment. Notably, this simplified system successfully achieves optical sectioning imaging of mouse cerebral blood vessels up to 1000 µm in depth. It can discern tiny blood vessels (diameter: 4.57 µm) at 800 µm depth with a signal‐to‐background ratio (SBR) of 5.34. Additionally, it clearly visualizes liver vessels, which are typically challenging to image, down to a depth of 300 µm.

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Novel Highly Efficient In-Band Pump Wavelengths for Medium Slope Efficiency Holmium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers

Cited by 18 publications

References 26 publications

Performance Optimization of Holmium Doped Fiber Amplifiers for Optical Communication Applications in 2–2.15 μm Wavelength Range

Performance Optimization of Holmium Doped Fiber Amplifiers for Optical Communication Applications in 2–2.15 μm Wavelength Range

Pumping scheme for Holmium‐doped fiber amplifiers using traditional 1480 nm pumps exploiting cascaded lasers implemented using fiber Bragg gratings

From Optical Fiber Communications to Bioimaging: Wavelength Division Multiplexing Technology for Simplified in vivo Large‐depth NIR‐IIb Fluorescence Confocal Microscopy

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