Background:
Injectable hyaluronic acid fillers are routinely used for correction of
soft-tissue volume loss and facial rejuvenation. Product differentiation has
primarily been based on the rheologic parameter known as elastic modulus
(G′), although other physicochemical properties are being explored to
characterize potential product performance. As clinical data regarding
product performance are lacking, the practical experience of injectors
provides a valuable bridge in the knowledge gap between product rheologic
data and product use.
Methods:
Rheologic and physicochemical measurements (swelling factor and cohesion)
were collected for 18 products. To observe the impact of G′ and
hyaluronic acid concentration on swelling factor and cohesion, proportional
relationships were evaluated. Contributing authors were queried regarding
their G′-based selection of products when considering skin quality,
degree of correction, injection depth, and anatomical location.
Results:
Relationships were observable between G′ and swelling factor and
G′ and cohesion only when limited to products manufactured by the
same crosslinking technology and the same concentration. No relationship
between isolated hyaluronic acid concentration and swelling factor or
cohesion was apparent. Although rheological parameters and the assumptions
of ex vivo data translating to in vivo performance are oftentimes not
completely aligned, in the clinical experience of the authors, in general,
higher G′ products are better suited for thicker skin and deeper
injection planes, whereas lower G′ products are better for more
superficial planes, although exceptions to these trends are also made based
on technical experience.
Conclusions:
While rheologic and physicochemical characteristics can vary widely between
products and the methods and measurements of these parameters are often
difficult to correlate, G′ represents a useful and consistent
parameter for product differentiation. Understanding how to select products
based on G′ is valuable knowledge for customizing injection plans and
contributes to an optimal aesthetic outcome.