Novel ideas to further expand the applicability of rhythm analysis

Burchardt, Lara S.; Briefer, Elodie F.; Knörnschild, Mirjam

doi:10.1002/ece3.8417

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Adults have a consistent barking pattern, not missing any barks in a sequence, but their barks match a theoretical isochronous template less precisely than pups (Figure 3b). Beat precision values were calculated per element, therefore we can calculate variability parameters of beat precision within one barking bout (Burchardt et al., 2021). Here, adult females show less variability than pups, meaning that while pups sometimes are perfectly on beat and sometimes very imprecise, adults tend to rarely be perfectly on beat, but also never way off.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To describe the temporal structure of the bark sequences in adult females and pups of unknown sex, we calculated the following indices: (1) IOI duration; (2) integer ratios (de Gregorio et al., 2023; de Gregorio, Valente, et al., 2021; Demartsev et al., 2022; Jacoby & McDermott, 2017; Lameira et al., 2024; Ma et al., 2024; i.e., IOI ratios calculated for all pairs of consecutive calls in a bark sequence); (3) coefficient of variation (CV) of IOIs, adjusted for small sample sizes (Kello et al., 2017); (4) normalised Pairwise Variability Indices (nPVI; Burchardt & Knörnschild, 2020; Daniele & Patel, 2013; Grabe & Low, 2002) based on IOIs, which indicates the rhythmic structure of a sequence; (5) IOI beat in hertz (Burchardt & Knörnschild, 2020); (6) average beat precision per sequence (Burchardt et al., 2021), calculated for each element in a sequence, which indicates how well elements follow an expected time series, that is the expected pattern calculated in (2); (7) CV of beat precision values per sequence; and (8) nPVI of beat precision values per sequence. IOI durations and integer ratio values were of sufficient sample size (i.e., >30) to use a parametric test, namely Welch's unpaired t ‐test to compare the two age classes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…; (4) normalisedPairwise Variability Indices (nPVI;Burchardt & Knörnschild, 2020;Daniele & Patel, 2013;Grabe & Low, 2002) based on IOIs, which indicates the rhythmic structure of a sequence; (5) IOI beat in hertz(Burchardt & Knörnschild, 2020); (6) average beat precision per sequence(Burchardt et al, 2021), calculated for each element in a sequence, which indicates how well elements follow an expected time series, that is the expected pattern calculated in (2); (7) CV of beat precision values per sequence; and (8) nPVI of beat precision values per sequence. IOI durations and integer ratio values were of sufficient sample size (i.e., >30) to use a parametric test, namely Welch's unpaired t-test to compare the two age classes.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Isochrony in barks of Cape fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) pups and adults

Osiecka,

Fearey,

Ravignani

et al. 2024

Ecology and Evolution

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Animal vocal communication often relies on call sequences. The temporal patterns of such sequences can be adjusted to other callers, follow complex rhythmic structures or exhibit a metronome‐like pattern (i.e., isochronous). How regular are the temporal patterns in animal signals, and what influences their precision? If present, are rhythms already there early in ontogeny? Here, we describe an exploratory study of Cape fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) barks—a vocalisation type produced across many pinniped species in rhythmic, percussive bouts. This study is the first quantitative description of barking in Cape fur seal pups. We analysed the rhythmic structures of spontaneous barking bouts of pups and adult females from the breeding colony in Cape Cross, Namibia. Barks of adult females exhibited isochrony, that is they were produced at fairly regular points in time. Instead, intervals between pup barks were more variable, that is skipping a bark in the isochronous series occasionally. In both age classes, beat precision, that is how well the barks followed a perfect template, was worse when barking at higher rates. Differences could be explained by physiological factors, such as respiration or arousal. Whether, and how, isochrony develops in this species remains an open question. This study provides evidence towards a rhythmic production of barks in Cape fur seal pups and lays the groundwork for future studies to investigate the development of rhythm using multidimensional metrics.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Isochrony in barks of Cape fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) pups and adults

Osiecka,

Fearey,

Ravignani

et al. 2024

Ecology and Evolution

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“…Finally, we use thebeat ’s statistics module to calculate the normalized Pairwise Variability Index (nPVI; Patel and Daniele, 2003 ), the coefficient of variation (cf. Burchardt et al, 2021 ), and Shannon entropy (Shannon, 1948 ). These statistics measure how much variability there is between the IOIs in each of the codas (Fig.…”

Section: Example 3: Analyzing Sperm Whale Codasmentioning

confidence: 99%

thebeat: A Python package for working with rhythms and other temporal sequences

van der Werff,

Ravignani,

Jadoul

2024

Behav Res

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Abstractthebeat is a Python package for working with temporal sequences and rhythms in the behavioral and cognitive sciences, as well as in bioacoustics. It provides functionality for creating experimental stimuli, and for visualizing and analyzing temporal data. Sequences, sounds, and experimental trials can be generated using single lines of code. thebeat contains functions for calculating common rhythmic measures, such as interval ratios, and for producing plots, such as circular histograms. thebeat saves researchers time when creating experiments, and provides the first steps in collecting widely accepted methods for use in timing research. thebeat is an open-source, on-going, and collaborative project, and can be extended for use in specialized subfields. thebeat integrates easily with the existing Python ecosystem, allowing one to combine our tested code with custom-made scripts. The package was specifically designed to be useful for both skilled and novice programmers. thebeat provides a foundation for working with temporal sequences onto which additional functionality can be built. This combination of specificity and plasticity should facilitate research in multiple research contexts and fields of study.

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“…The final metric reporting level addresses specific rhythm questions using an appropriate method (or methods). Many types of rhythm analyses are possible, and have been discussed at length in the literature (Burchardt, Briefer, et al, 2021;De Gregorio et al, 2021;Ravignani & Norton, 2017;Roeske et al, 2018;Saar & Mitra, 2008;Sasahara et al, 2015;Schneider & Mercado III, 2019).…”

Section: Level D: Do a Rhythm Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Robust rhythm reporting will advance ecological and evolutionary research

2023

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1. Rhythmicity in the millisecond to second range is a fundamental building block of communication and coordinated movement. But how widespread are rhythmic capacities across species, and how did they evolve under different environmental pressures? Comparative research is necessary to answer these questions but has been hindered by limited crosstalk and comparability among results from different study species.2. Most acoustics studies do not explicitly focus on characterising or quantifying rhythm, but many are just a few scrapes away from contributing to and advancing the field of comparative rhythm research. Here, we present an eight-level rhythm reporting framework which details actionable steps researchers can take to report rhythm-relevant metrics. Levels fall into two categories: metric reporting and data sharing. Metric reporting levels include defining rhythm-relevant metrics, providing point estimates of temporal interval variability, reporting interval distributions, and conducting rhythm analyses. Data sharing levels are: sharing audio recordings, sharing interval durations, sharing sound element start and end times, and sharing audio recordings with sound element start/end times.3. Using sounds recorded from a sperm whale as a case study, we demonstrate how each reporting framework level can be implemented on real data. We also highlight existing best practice examples from recent research spanning multiple species. We clearly detail how engagement with our framework can be tailored case-by-case based on how much time and effort researchers are willing to contribute. Finally, we illustrate how reporting at any of the suggested levels will help advance comparative rhythm research.4. This framework will actively facilitate a comparative approach to acoustic rhythms while also promoting cooperation and data sustainability. By quantifying and reporting rhythm metrics more consistently and broadly, new avenues of inquiry and several long-standing, big picture research questions become more tractable.These lines of research can inform not only about the behavioural ecology of animals but also about the evolution of rhythm-relevant phenomena and the behavioural neuroscience of rhythm production and perception. Rhythm is clearly | 1399Methods in Ecology and Evoluঞon HERSH et al.

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Novel ideas to further expand the applicability of rhythm analysis

Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creat ive Commo ns Attri bution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Cited by 5 publications

References 40 publications

Isochrony in barks of Cape fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) pups and adults

Isochrony in barks of Cape fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) pups and adults

thebeat: A Python package for working with rhythms and other temporal sequences

Robust rhythm reporting will advance ecological and evolutionary research

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