Novel insecticides and generalist predators support conservation biological control in cotton

Bordini, Isadora Carlos; Ellsworth, Peter C.; Naranjo, Steven E.; Fournier, Alfred

doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2020.104502

Cited by 39 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Acephate has commercial activity against L. hesperus , but essentially no effect on B. argentifolii . A third treatment consisted of a selective insecticide that targets B. argentifolii and with proven noneffects on the arthropod community (Bordini et al, 2021). The selective insecticide was flupyradifurone (Sivanto™ 200SL, Bayer Crop Science, North Carolina, USA) applied at 202 g a.i./ha.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Excess prey or prey resources can culminate in plot conditions more attractive (i.e., excess honeydew due to whiteflies), or less attractive (e.g., flower loss due to Lygus damage) to arthropods, causing gross changes across treatments that could potentially mask the effects of the intended treatments on non-target organisms (Bordini et al, 2021). The objective of these “maintenance sprays” was to preserve prey parity ( L. hesperus and B. argentifolii ) as much as possible among insecticidal treatments by spraying other insecticides that selectively targeted either whiteflies or Lygus (Bordini et al, 2021). Since insecticidal treatments provide control of different pests and one treatment is broad-spectrum (acephate controls L. hesperus ) and the other one is selective (flupyradifurone controls B. argentifolii ), we anticipated that there would be disparities among major arthropod prey, so we tried to maintain comparable levels of B. argentifolii and L. hesperus in all plots as much as possible with these “maintenance sprays”.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We estimated eight predator to prey ratios as follow: For Geocoris spp., evaluations were done only with G. punctipes because G. pallens Stål densities were very low throughout the years of these trials. We chose these ratios because at certain levels they independently indicate functioning whitefly biological control in our system (Vandervoet et al, 2018, Ellsworth et al, 2019a, Ellsworth et al, 2019bBordini et al, 2021). We also calculated the proportion of time that these ratios were at or above functioning biological control over the season (Bordini et al, 2021).…”

Section: Biological Control Function: Predator To Prey Ratiosmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We conducted a 2-year field experiment to estimate the optimal plot size for non-target arthropod studies in the Arizona cotton system. Our IPM program is heavily dependent on selective insecticides and the conserved biological control provided by key predators of our two key pests, Lygus hesperus Knight and whiteflies, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring (= B. tabaci MEAM1) (Ellsworth & Martinez-Carrillo, 2001; Naranjo and Ellsworth, 2009; Ellsworth et al, 2018; Vandervoet et al, 2018; Bordini et al, 2021). We investigated how plot size impacted our ability to measure treatment differences using multiple metrics including individual predator species abundance, arthropod community structure and diversity, and biological control function.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial Scale of Non-Target Effects of Cotton Insecticides

Bordini

Naranjo

Fournier

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Plot size is of practical importance in any integrated pest management (IPM) study that has a field component. Such studies need to be conducted at a scale relevant to species dynamics because their abundance and distribution in plots might vary according to plot size. An adequate plot size is especially important for researchers, technology providers and regulatory agencies in understanding effects of various insect control technologies on non-target arthropods. Plots that are too small might fail to detect potential harmful effects of these technologies due to arthropod movement and redistribution among plots, or from untreated areas and outside sources. The Arizona cotton system is heavily dependent on technologies for arthropod control, thus we conducted a 2-year replicated field experiment to estimate the optimal plot size for non-target arthropod studies in our system. Experimental treatments consisted of plot sizes and insecticides in a full factorial. We established three plot sizes that measured 144 m2, 324 m2 and 576 m2. For insecticides, we established an untreated check, a positive control insecticide with known negative effects on the arthropod community and a selective insecticide. We investigated how plot size impacts the estimation of treatment effects relative to community structure (27 taxa), community diversity, individual abundance, effect sizes, biological control function and success of arthropod taxa with a wide range of mobility, including Collops spp., Orius tristicolor, Geocoris spp., Misumenops celer, Drapetis nr. divergens and Chrysoperla carnea. The 144 m2 plots supported similar results for all parameters compared to larger plots, thus being sufficiently large to measure insecticidal effects on non-target arthropods in Arizona cotton. Though results might be system-specific, they point to a scale of testing that should be considered when developing any IPM guidelines, especially for systems that share a similar fauna of predators and pests.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Biological Control Function: Predator To Prey Ratiosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial Scale of Non-Target Effects of Cotton Insecticides

Bordini

Naranjo

Fournier

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Warmer temperatures trigger insecticide‐associated pest outbreaks

Crossley,

Smith,

Barman

et al. 2023

Pest Management Science

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BACKGROUNDRising global temperatures are associated with emerging insect pests, reflecting earlier and longer insect activity, faster development, more generations per year and changing species' ranges. Insecticides are often the first tools available to manage these new threats. In the southeastern US, sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) has recently become the major threat to vegetable production. We used data from a multi‐year, regional whitefly monitoring network to search for climate, land use, and management correlates of whitefly activity.RESULTSStrikingly, whiteflies were detected earlier and grew more abundant in landscapes with greater insecticide use, but only when temperatures were also relatively warm. Whitefly outbreaks in hotter conditions were not associated with specific active ingredients used to suppress whiteflies, which would be consistent with a regional disruption of biocontrol following sprays for other pests. In addition, peak whitefly detections occurred earlier in areas with more vegetable production, but later with more cotton production, consistent with whiteflies moving among crops.CONCLUSIONAltogether, our findings suggest possible links between warmer temperatures, more abundant pests, and frequent insecticide applications disrupting biological control, though this remains to be explicitly demonstrated. Climate‐initiated pesticide treadmills of this type may become an increasingly common driver of emerging pest outbreaks as global change accelerates. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

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Theory versus practice: are insecticide mixtures in Arizona cotton used for resistance management?^†

Ellsworth,

Fournier

2024

Pest Management Science

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BACKGROUNDResistance management in pesticide use is critical, yet grower practices, especially pesticide mixing motivations, diverge from theoretical frameworks. This study analyzes 30 years of Arizona cotton growers’ practices and pest manager insights to understand mixing trends.RESULTSGrowers predominantly mix pesticides for spectrum or efficacy, not resistance management. This highlights a gap between theory and practice, emphasizing the complexity of real‐world dynamics. A shift over time towards selective insecticides and integrated pest management (IPM), supported by extension education, has reduced reliance on broad‐spectrum insecticides and increased opportunities to conserve the natural enemies of key pests. This reduced the frequency of insecticide use, a mutual goal of both IPM and resistance management. The availability and adoption of selective products with diverse modes of action, along with the resulting increases in biological control and refuges, likely has delayed or prevented resistances without emphasis on using mixtures specifically for resistance management. In a disrupted system exclusively dependent on broad‐spectrum insecticides (1991–1995), 75% ± 5% of cotton area was sprayed with mixtures of these materials. With the availability of selective insecticides, few broad‐spectrum products are used today and mixtures of insecticides are sprayed on only 36% ± 3% of the cotton area (2015–2020).CONCLUSIONAlthough mixing has theoretical relevance, it is diminishing in stable systems with diverse modes of action and adherence to moderation principles. Arizona cotton guidance prioritizes multi‐crop refuges over mixtures for resistance management. Integrated research and education, targeting professional pest managers, are pivotal in advancing resistance management without mixtures specifically designed to prevent or mitigate resistance. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

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Novel insecticides and generalist predators support conservation biological control in cotton

Cited by 39 publications

References 53 publications

Spatial Scale of Non-Target Effects of Cotton Insecticides

Spatial Scale of Non-Target Effects of Cotton Insecticides

Warmer temperatures trigger insecticide‐associated pest outbreaks

Theory versus practice: are insecticide mixtures in Arizona cotton used for resistance management?^†

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Novel insecticides and generalist predators support conservation biological control in cotton

Cited by 39 publications

References 53 publications

Spatial Scale of Non-Target Effects of Cotton Insecticides

Spatial Scale of Non-Target Effects of Cotton Insecticides

Warmer temperatures trigger insecticide‐associated pest outbreaks

Theory versus practice: are insecticide mixtures in Arizona cotton used for resistance management?†

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Product

Resources

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Theory versus practice: are insecticide mixtures in Arizona cotton used for resistance management?^†