With the increasing shortage of global resources and energy, the green recycling and utilization of organic solid waste have become global research hotspots. As representatives of green and clean technologies, the application of bioconversion in organic solid waste has achieved remarkable progress. In this article, the research progress on the major biotechnologies utilized in organic solid waste in recent years is summarized, including landfilling, composting, anaerobic digestion, and anaerobic fermentation. Then, the achievements of bioconversion in the reduction, harmlessness, and resource utilization of different kinds of organic solid waste, such as agricultural and forestry solid organic waste, food waste, and activated sludge, are discussed. Finally, the article provides suggestions for the future development of organic solid waste.