Novel Iron Biomarkers in Chronic Kidney Disease

Abstract

CKD is one of the fastest growing causes of death in the world and in 2040, it is estimated that it will be in the top five causes of death. In order to slow down this process, it is necessary to improve prevention, inhibit development and treat complications including anemia. Anemia is one of the common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is a significant clinical problem. It is most often the result of decreased renal production of erythropoietin and / or iron deficiency. Iron deficiency anemia is one of the most common problems in CKD that increases mortality. In order to successfully treat anemia in CKD with erythropoiesis-stimulating agentsand (ESA) and iron substitution, it is necessary to determine iron iron level. The diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia in patients with CKD is complicated due to the relatively low predictive ability of routine serum iron markers (e.g., ferritin and transferrin saturation) and more invasive measurements such as bone marrow iron stores. In the review novel biomarkers of iron metabolism are discussed such as hypoxia-inducible factor, erythroferon, growth differentiation factor 15 etc. with their possible clinical relevance.

Iron-induced kidney cell damage: insights into molecular mechanisms and potential diagnostic significance of urinary FTL

“…Recent research using a CKD mice model showed that selective myeloid Fth1 knockout caused a reduction in renal fibrosis compared to the wild-type control ( Patino et al, 2023 ), suggesting the crucial role of ferritin in controlling iron in CKD patients. Although numerous investigations sought out biomarkers involved in iron metabolism in the kidney, none found a correlation with iron-induced kidney damage ( Bahr et al, 2019 ; Tomasz et al, 2021 ; Zapora-Kurel and Malyszko, 2021 ). Urine-based FTL detection is a non-invasive and convenient approach for assessing kidney damage in patients that serves as an alternative to traditional blood-based biomarkers.…”