Novel liquid chromatographic assay for the low-level determination of apomorphine in plasma

Improved assay for R(−)-apomorphine with application to clinical pharmacokinetic studies in Parkinson's disease

“…Gold grade glass (2 mL) autosampler vials were employed (Chromacol Ltd., Welwyn Garden City, UK). The chromatography method was adapted from Priston and Sewell [15]. Separation was achieved using a Columbus (octyldecylsilane 5 m 110Å) analytical column (150 mm × 4.6 mm I.D.)…”

“…This was found to be the most effective anti-oxidant for preservation of apomorphine in plasma prior to extraction, but due to its strong odour was not suitable for use outside the laboratory. This mixture was then centrifuged (4 • C, 1250 × g × 5 min) in order to pellet precipitated protein and the resultant supernatant was transferred to a polypropylene tube [15]. Plasma was then spiked with internal standard (to give a final concentration of 100 ng/mL), mixed gently and left to equilibrate at 4-8 • C for 5 min prior to solid-phase extraction.…”

“…The extraction method was adapted from Priston and Sewell [15]. Apomorphine was extracted under vacuum using BondElut octyldecylsilane 1 mL 100 mg solid phase extraction columns (Varian Sample Preparation Ltd., Surrey, UK).…”

“…1) is a potentially important factor in apomorphine metabolism, however the significance of such species in terms of an anti-Parkinsonian response remains to be established [5,6]. Several methods have been described for the determination of apomorphine in plasma [5,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. These were associated with various limitations mainly related to analyte instability during liquid-liquid extraction procedures.…”

Determination of apomorphine in canine plasma by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic study

“…The chemical structures of apomorphine and mentazinol (internal standard, IS) are illustrated in Fig. 1. A review of the literature revealed that several analytical techniques have been developed for the quantification of apomorphine in biological samples, including GC [5], radioenzymatic assay [6], HPLC with UV [7], fluorimetric [8], and particularly electrochemical detection [9 -15]. A flow injection electrochemical method (FIA-EC) and a GC-MS method was also reported for the assay of apomorphine [16,17].…”