Novel manufacturing of simple masks in response to international shortages: Bacterial and particulate filtration efficiency testing

Bayersdorfer, Jennifer; Giboney, Sue; Martin, Rosemary; Moore, Andria; Bartles, Rebecca

doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2020.07.019

Cited by 15 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…The highest penetration occurs for the uncharged particles for particles sized 30–40 nm; this value is much higher for charged particles [ [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] ]. Although, it should be mention that the effective value of the size of the particles is different for different types of particles at different flow rates [ 7 ], decreasing the airflow rate would increase MPPS (most penetrating particle size) [ [22] , [23] , [24] ].…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Filtrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Achieving a mask with higher capacity, optimal comfort, as well as high efficiency in eliminating bio-aerosols and optimal filtration of airborne particles has always been one of the goals of studies conducted in this field [ 7 ]. For this purpose, the factors affecting the determination of the final mask quality have been focused on increasing and improving the efficiency of the mask in the center of attention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An overview of filtration efficiency through the masks: Mechanisms of the aerosols penetration

Tcharkhtchi

Abbasnezhad

Seydani

et al. 2021

Bioactive Materials

302

322

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The masks have always been mentioned as an effective tool against environmental threats. They are considered as protective equipment to preserve the respiratory system against the non-desirable air droplets and aerosols such as the viral or pollution particles. The aerosols can be pollution existence in the air, or the infectious airborne viruses initiated from the sneezing, coughing of the infected people. The filtration efficiency of the different masks against these aerosols are not the same, as the particles have different sizes, shapes, and properties. Therefore, the challenge is to fabricate the filtration masks with higher efficiency to decrease the penetration percentage at the nastiest conditions. To achieve this concept, knowledge about the mechanisms of the penetration of the aerosols through the masks at different effective environmental conditions is necessary. In this paper, the literature about the different kinds of face masks and respiratory masks, common cases of their application, and the advantages and disadvantages of them in this regard have been reviewed. Moreover, the related mechanisms of the penetration of the aerosols through the masks are discussed. The environmental conditions affecting the penetration as well as the quality of the fabrication are studied. Finally, special attention was given to the numerical simulation related to the different existing mechanisms.

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Section: Mechanisms Of Filtrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview of filtration efficiency through the masks: Mechanisms of the aerosols penetration

Tcharkhtchi

Abbasnezhad

Seydani

et al. 2021

Bioactive Materials

302

322

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Face masks filtration efficiency evaluation encompasses three types of tests: (1) particle filtration efficiency (PFE), (2) bacteria filtration efficiency (BFE), and (3) virus filtration efficiency (VFE) ( Bayersdorfer et al, 2020 ; Konda et al, 2020 ; Leonas et al, 2003 ; Pragadheeswari et al, 2014 ). These are reviewed in greater detail in Section 5 , but are important to bear in mind when comparing surgical face masks versus respirators.…”

Section: Surgical Face Masksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodegradable and multifunctional surgical face masks: A brief review on demands during COVID-19 pandemic, recent developments, and future perspectives

Babaahmadi

Amid

Naeimirad

et al. 2021

Science of The Total Environment

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Providing the greater public with the current coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines is time-consuming and research-intensive; intermediately, some essential ways to reduce the transmission include social distancing, personal hygiene, testing, contact tracing, and universal masking. The data suggests that universal masking, especially using multilayer surgical face masks, offers a powerful efficacy for indoor places. These layers have different functions including antiviral/antibacterial, fluid barrier, particulate and bacterial filtration, and fit and comfort. However, universal masking poses a serious environmental threat since billions of them are disposed on a daily basis; the current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has put such demands and consequences in perspective. This review focuses on surgical face mask structures and classifications, their impact on our environment, some of their desirable functionalities, and the recent developments around their biodegradability. The authors believe that this review provides an insight into the fabrication and deployment of effective surgical face masks, and it discusses the utilization of multifunctional structures along with biodegradable materials to deal with future demands in a more eco-friendly fashion.

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“…There are five basic mechanisms of the filtration of aerosols: diffusion, gravity sedimentation, interception, inertial impaction, and electrostatic attraction [6,7]. The first four mechanisms are mechanical mechanisms in which their efficiency varies for different particles sizes and flow rates [8]. The aerosols whose size is larger than about 1 µm up to 10 µm, the gravity force is the primary impact on the large-exhaled droplets.…”

Section: Face Maskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applicability of Membranes in Protective Face Masks and Comparison of Reusable and Disposable Face Masks with Life Cycle Assessment

2021

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In the COVID-19 pandemic period, the role of face masks is critical as a protective physical barrier to prevent droplets and filtrate exhalations coming from infected subjects or against various environmental threats, including the SARS-Cov-2 virus. However, the plastic and microplastic waste from the used face masks pollute the environment, cause a negative impact on human health and the natural ecosystem, as well as increase landfill and medical waste. The presented paper focuses on providing an overview of the application of membrane technology in face mask products as well as the development of protection mechanisms in the future. The authors performed an environmental analysis of reusable (cloth) masks and disposable masks (surgical masks and filtering facepiece respirators) using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology to assess the impacts on the environment, human health, and ecosystem. IMPACT 2002+ V2.14, ReCiPe 2016 Endpoint (H) V1.02, IPCC 2013 GWP 100a V1.03 methods were applied using specialized software (SimaPro V9.1). The disposable masks consistently provide higher protection, though they also carry several multiple environmental burdens. Conversely, reusable masks improve environmental performance, reduce 85% of waste, have a 3.39 times lower impact on climate change, and are 3.7 times cheaper than disposable masks.

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Novel manufacturing of simple masks in response to international shortages: Bacterial and particulate filtration efficiency testing

Abstract: Highlights Simple isolation masks were created using surgical wrap. When tested, masks demonstrated filtration efficiency similar to ASTM 1 masks. Masks can be rapidly manufactured using these specifications in the event of another shortage.

Cited by 15 publications

References 1 publication

An overview of filtration efficiency through the masks: Mechanisms of the aerosols penetration

An overview of filtration efficiency through the masks: Mechanisms of the aerosols penetration

Biodegradable and multifunctional surgical face masks: A brief review on demands during COVID-19 pandemic, recent developments, and future perspectives

Applicability of Membranes in Protective Face Masks and Comparison of Reusable and Disposable Face Masks with Life Cycle Assessment

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