Novel markers of peripheral arterial disease

Abstract

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD), a relatively common manifestation of atherosclerotic vascular disease, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Although conventional risk factors contribute to the onset and progression of PAD, the role of 'novel' biomarkers in pathways of inflammation, thrombosis, lipoprotein metabolism, and oxidative stress in determining susceptibility to PAD is being increasingly recognized. Validation of novel risk factors for PAD may allow earlier detection, an improved understanding of disease etiology and progression, and the development of new therapies. In this review, we discuss available evidence for associations between novel circulating markers and several aspects of PAD including disease susceptibility, progression, functional limitation, and adverse outcomes.

An injectable elastin-based gene delivery platform for dose-dependent modulation of angiogenesis and inflammation for critical limb ischemia

“…Ischemia also induces an inflammatory response, triggered by the breakdown products of the degenerating tissue. The major proinflammatory cytokines released during this time are IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6 [10,11]. Also, IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, has been shown to be up-regulated in the ischemic tissue [12].…”

Endothelial progenitor cells as a biological marker of peripheral artery disease

“…While hs-CRP provided prognostic information for the development of symptomatic PAD in addition to ABI, 37 D-dimer was associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction but not with PAD progression. 38 Analysis of other specialized biomarkers showed no abundant statistical significance, which may be due to the relatively small sample size and can therefore be accorded only poor significance.…”

High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein, Lipoprotein(a) and Homocysteine are Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease in Japanese Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease

“…Lp(a) possesses a high degree of homology with plasminogen and is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease 10,11) . In addition, Lp(a) is involved in inflammatory cell adhesion and migration as well as the uptake of macrophage foam cells into the arterial wall and inactivation of tissue-factor pathway inhibitors 12) . Moreover, the Lp(a) levels are positively associated with CAD events, with a stepwise increase in the risk of AMI in association with an increasing level of Lp(a) without evidence of a threshold effect in the Copenhagen City Heart Study 13) .…”

“…Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) has a high degree of homology with plasminogen and is also a risk factor for cardiovascular disease 10,11) . Lp(a) is involved in the adhesion of inflammatory cells and migration and uptake of macrophage foam cells into the arterial wall 12) , and the Lp(a) level is positively associated with CAD events 13) . Homocysteine is an intermediate metabolite of methionine that contributes to cardiovascular disease via mechanisms such as endothelial dysfunction, increased lipid permeability and vascular inflammation 14,15) .…”