Males of several species have been shown to alter their mate preference in the presence of an 15 eavesdropping rival. This evasive tactic has been interpreted as an attempt by the courting 16 male to drive the attention of the rival away from the preferred female. The fitness return of 17 this deceptive strategy will depend on the costs of cheating for the actor (the displayer) and 18 the benefits for the rival (the bystander) of copying the choice of the displayer. We developed 19 a two-person nonzero sum game between two males that compete for mating with one of two 20 receptive females. Males could assess female quality with a varying level of uncertainty, 21 which was modelled using a Bayesian statistical decision theory approach. We explored the 22 actor and bystander payoffs under different levels of uncertainty in mate assessment and 23 difference in quality between females. We found that when being eavesdropped on is costly 24 (i.e. when females differ largely in quality), males are expected to cheat to reduce the amount 25 2 of public information that is available to the unintended audience. However, under these 26 circumstances, the value of the public information is low and the bystander is not expected to 27 copy the choice of the actor. Our model suggests that deceptive male choice may evolve only 28 under relatively restricted conditions and suggest that other explanations, such as, for 29 example, a reduction in the risk of precopulatory male-male competition may be more likely.
30Future theoretical and empirical work will be necessary to test alternative interpretations of 31 the audience effects in male mate choice.
32Keywords: audience effects; computational mate choice; deception; game-theoretic model; 33 male mate choice; mate choice copying; Poecilia; public information; sperm competition. Animals can improve their assessment of the quality of conspecifics or environmental 36 resources by using public information. This is a form of 'inadvertent social information' 37 (Dall, Giraldeau, Olsson, McNamara, & Stephens, 2005) that can be acquired by noting the 38 performance of other individuals or their behavioural decisions (Valone, 1989;Valone, 2007).
39Evidence for the acquisition of public information from the behavioural decisions of others 40 comes mostly from studies of female mate copying behaviour (Dugatkin, 1992; Dugatkin & 41 Godin, 1992;Nordell & Valone, 1998;Pruett-Jones, 1992). Mate choice copying occurs when 42 an individual's initial mating preference between two potential partners is reversed after 43 having witnessed another individual displaying a preference for the initially nonpreferred 44 partner (Dugatkin & Godin, 1992;Santos, Matos, & Varela, 2014). Mate choice copying was 45 first found in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata (e.g. Dugatkin, 1992). Since then it has been 46 reported in several vertebrate (Galef, Lim, & Gilbert, 2008;Galef & White, 1998; Gibson, 47 Bradbury, & Vehrencamp, 1991;Hoglund, Alatalo, Gibson, & Lundberg, 1995) and 48 invertebrate species (Lo...