“…X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were then used to present the phase component of the catalysts. As illustrated in Figure a, the diffraction peaks of the neat Mn- or Mo-based oxide were in good accordance with the standard patterns of Mn 2 O 3 (JCPDS-71-0636) at 23.1, 32.9, 38.2, 45.1, 49.3, 55.1, and 65.7° corresponding to the (211), (222), (400), (332), (431), and (440) crystal planes and those of MoO 3 (JCPDS-99-0080) at 12.8, 23.3, 25.9, 27.3, 33.7, 40.0, 49.2, and 58.8° corresponding to the (020), (110), (120), (111), (150), (002), and (081) crystal planes, respectively. , When the Mn/Mo ratio was 1/1, the diffractions of MnMoO 4 (JCPDS-72-0285) at 22.7, 25.8, 26.7, 31.3, 33.0, 42.5, 46.4, and 51.2° were detected, which were attributed to the (021), (220), (−112), (112), (−222), (−241), (042), and (−204) crystal planes, respectively. − At the Mn/Mo ratios of 1/2, the emergence of diffraction peaks was attributed to MoO 3 , while MnO 2 (JCPDS-24-0735) and Mn 2 O 3 phases were detected when Mn was in excess. Notably, the peak intensities corresponding to MnO 2 at 37.3, 56.6, 64.8, and 72.2° corresponding to the (101), (211), (002), and (301) crystal planes increased with the increases in Mn/Mo ratios, indicating the generation of Mn species with higher oxidation states.…”