Novel nanocomposite biomaterial to differentiate bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to the osteogenic lineage for bone restoration

Abstract

SummaryBackground/ObjectiveAs the bone engineering field moves away from nonviable implants to more biocompatible and natural structures, nanomedicine has emerged as a superior tool for developing implantable materials.MethodsHere, we describe the fabrication and testing of a nanocomposite structure composed of chitosan and a biocompatible thermoplastic (PMMA).ResultsOur nanocomposite material displayed morphologically similar characteristics to an extracted murine femur during microscopic and spectroscopic analysis as seen through SEM and FTIR. Crosslinking our nanocomposite enhanced structural and strength characteristics significantly above the noncrosslinked sample, mimicking the strength of an extracted mammalian bone. When cocultured with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, the composite material proved to be osteoinductive and osteogenic via DAPI and actin staining, differentiating BMSCs into the osteogenic lineage and promoting mineral deposition. Nodule formation, indicative of mineralization during BMSC differentiation, was confirmed spectroscopically via FTIR and autofluorescence of the nodule.ConclusionThese encouraging results show promise for in vivo implantation of our novel scaffold that is both biocompatible and biomimetic in strength and composition.

Osseointegration of nanohydroxyapatite- or nano-calcium silicate-incorporated polyetheretherketone bioactive composites in vivo

“…In our previous study, addition of n-HA or n-CS improved the surface roughness and hydrophilicity of PEEK, which are beneficial to the adhesion, proliferation, spread, and osteogenic differentiation of osteoblasts. In addition, because nanomaterials support adhesion and differentiation of osteoblasts, 42,43 the nanoscale HA on n-HA/PEEK and nanoscale CS on n-CS/ PEEK may also contribute to the improved osseointegration of the composites. Xu et al 34 developed a novel carbon fiber-reinforced polyetheretherketone-nanohydroxyapatite (PEEK/CF/n-HA) ternary biocomposite with a micro-/ nanotopographical surface.…”

Biomaterials as a Vital Frontier for Stem Cell-Based Tissue Regeneration

“…The biomaterials are responsible for the formation of the stem cell microenvironment, where their physical, chemical and mechanical properties can influence cellular proliferation, integration and eventually differentiation. The use of biomaterials in stem cell differentiation has proved a great potential due to their specific properties that can guide differentiation and support the slowly forming tissue as well as the following biodegradability ( Smith et al, 2010 ; Kumar et al, 2015 ). From a chemical perspective, the biomaterial important features consist of material composition, special ligands concentrations and possible biodegradability of the material.…”