Novel Nanostructured Lipid Carriers with Photoprotective Properties Made from Carnauba Wax, Beeswax, and Kenaf Seed Oil

Abstract

This study was aimed to produce a stable kenaf seed oil-nanostructured lipid carrier (KSO-NLC) sunscreen, which can help in the photoprotective effect. The nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) formulation was optimized and selected based on the results of mean particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and storage stability of formulas at both chilled (4 AE 2 C) and room (25 AE 2 C) temperatures. Uvinul A plus B was added to KSO-NLC with the optimized formula (80% w/w aqueous phase, 20% w/w lipid phase, and 7% w/w of surfactants with a ratio of 70:15:15 of Tween 20: poloxamer 188: lecithin). The mean particle size distribution (224.73 AE 1.56 nm) and PDI (0.41 AE 0.01) of KSO-NLC were determined and were found to be stable against storage without creaming or phase separation. The 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging and 2,2 0 -Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical-scavenging activities of KSO-NLC were 5.43 AE 1.00 mg Trolox equiv. g −1 of NLC and 6.70 AE 0.31 mg Trolox equiv. g −1 of NLC, respectively. The Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of KSO-NLC, 41.38 AE 6.03 with a UVA/UVB ratio 0.64 AE 0.01, suggested a good photoprotective effect. The sustained release of Univul A plus B from KSO-NLC accompanied by its entrapment efficiency up to 64.09 AE 0.98% and drug loading (DL) of 32.05 AE 0.49% (maximum 50% DL capacity) proved that the degradation of the ultraviolet (UV) filter could be reduced. Therefore, the KSO-NLC sunscreen was a feasible solution for the photoprotective approach by using unconventional plant seed oil with a significant enhancement (P < 0.05) in many aspects compared to the formula without KSO incorporation. Keywords Particle size Á Polydispersity index (PDI) Á Uvinul a plus B Á Entrapment efficiency (EE) Á Drug loading (DL) J Am Oil Chem Soc (2019) 96: 201-211.

Development of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) Using Pumpkin and Kenaf Seed Oils with Potential Photoprotective and Antioxidative Properties

“…For the control sample, SLN (F13), without adding any liquid oil indicated the biggest mean particle size, 303.20 ± 2.00 nm which is agreed with the previous study from Bahari and Hamishehkar . The utilization of high molecular weighed solid lipid could contribute to larger particle size as proven by Lee et al Thus, higher amount of solid lipid added contributed to bigger particle size.…”

“…F2 experienced a significant increase in particle size at week 12. The increasing particle size of NLCs may due to the instability of the emulsion that prone to the coalescence and Ostwald ripening process . On the other hand, F7 showed slightly increasing in particle size at 40 ± 2 °C and fluctuation at 25 ± 2 °C.…”

“…An amount of 200 g of dried plant seed (pumpkin seed and kenaf seed) was ground into fine powder using food grinder followed by Soxhlet extraction at 60 °C for 3 h using hexane, After that, the hexane was evaporated off at 40 °C under reduced pressure rotary evaporator for oil recovery and stored in aluminum wrapped‐Schott bottle to prevent photooxidation. The oil was then flushed with 99.9% nitrogen to remove the residue solvent and kept in the freezer.…”

“…The method for EE and DL were modified from Lee et al The EE of UV filters in NLC is determined by measuring the amount of free UV filter in the dispersion medium using UV‐Vis spectrophotometry (UVmini‐1240, Shimadzu Europe) at λ max = 354 nm (Uvinul A Plus Granular); λ max = 314 nm (Uvinul T150), respectively.…”

“…The in vitro antioxidant activity of the NLCs was analyzed by using 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2‐Azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzot‐hiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assay were performed according to Lee et al and Chew et al with some modification in sample preparation. Each of the samples was diluted using ethanol to 10 dilution factors followed by bath sonication and centrifugation at 4400 rpm for 30 min for both DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assay.…”