As a branch of the field of machine learning, deep learning technology is abrupt in various computer vision tasks with its powerful functional learning functions. The deep learning method can extract the required features from the original data and dynamically adjust and update the parameters of the neural network through the backpropagation algorithm so as to achieve the purpose of automatically learning features. Compared with the method of extracting features manually, the recognition accuracy is improved, and it can be used for the segmentation of copperplate printing images. This article mainly introduces the research on the key algorithm of the copperplate printing image segmentation based on deep learning and intends to provide some ideas and directions for improving the copperplate printing image segmentation technology. This paper introduces the related principles, watershed algorithm, and guided filtering algorithm of copperplate printing image synthesis process and establishes an image segmentation model. As a result, a deep learning-based optimization algorithm mechanism for the segmentation of copper engraving printing images is proposed, and experimental steps such as main color extraction in the segmentation of copper engraving printing images, adaptive main color extraction based on fuzzy set 2, and main color extraction based on fuzzy set 2 are proposed. Experimental results show that the average processing time of each image segmentation model in this paper is 0.39 seconds, which is relatively short.