“…In contrast, the passive mode locking technique, based on saturable absorbers (SAs), not only circumvents these drawbacks but also exhibits significant advantages, including low mode locking threshold, fast response time, and high stability. Although commercial semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors (SESAMs) can achieve efficient modulation and stable pulse output, its preparation process remains complex, and working wavelength range is narrower [12]. On the other hand, SAs based on low-dimensional nanomaterials demonstrate a wider spectral tuning range, fast response time, and ease of integration, making them highly effective for realizing high performance mode-locked fiber lasers [13].…”