Novel pedagogical tool for simultaneous learning of plane geometry and R programming

Briz‐Redón, Álvaro; Serrano‐Aroca, Ãngel

doi:10.3897/rio.4.e25485

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In brief, to produce homogeneous measurements and unbiased analysis, measurements of root growth and root bending in scanner and microscope experiments were semi-automated to limit human-picture interpretation using ImageJ macros and R scripts (R Core Team, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Austria, R Cran v3.5.3 and R Studio v1.1.463). The following R packages were used: LearnGeom 35 , spdep 36 , stringr(v1.4.0), dplyr(v1.0.2), REdaS 37 , reshape2 38 , matrixstats(v0.57.0).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

AFB1 controls rapid auxin signalling through membrane depolarization in Arabidopsis thaliana root

et al. 2021

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Membrane potential reflects the difference between cytoplasmic and apoplastic electrical potentials and is essential for cellular operation. The application of the phytohormone auxin (IAA) causes instantaneous membrane depolarization in various cell types 1 – 6 , making depolarization a hallmark of IAA-induced rapid responses. In root hairs, depolarization requires functional IAA transport and TIR1/AFB signalling 5 but its physiological significance is not understood. Specifically in roots, auxin triggers rapid growth inhibition 7 – 9 (RGI); a process required for gravitropic bending. RGI is initiated by the TIR1/AFB co-receptors, AFB1 paralogue playing a crucial role 10 , 11 . The nature of the underlying rapid signalling is unknown, as well as the molecular machinery executing it. Even though the growth and depolarization responses to auxin show remarkable similarities, the significance of membrane depolarization for root growth inhibition and gravitropism is unclear. Here, by combining the DISBAC 2 (3) voltage sensor with microfluidics and vertical-stage microscopy, we show that rapid auxin-induced membrane depolarization tightly correlates with rapid RGI. Rapid depolarization and RGI require the AFB1 auxin co-receptor. Finally, AFB1 is essential for the rapid formation of membrane depolarization gradient across the gravistimulated root. These results clarify the role of AFB1 as the central receptor for rapid auxin responses.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

AFB1 controls rapid auxin signalling through membrane depolarization in Arabidopsis thaliana root

et al. 2021

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“…In the case of two significant PCs (i.e. community level), we calculated the Euclidean distances with the dist function within the stats package and the angles with the Angle function within the L earn G eom package in r (Briz‐Redón & Serrano‐Aroca, 2018). In the case of a single significant PC (i.e.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lags in phenological acclimation of mountain grasslands after recent warming

et al. 2021

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1. In the current biodiversity crisis, one of the crucial questions is how quickly plant communities can acclimate to climate warming and longer growing seasons to buffer the impairment of community functioning. Answering this question is pivotal especially for mountain grasslands that experience harsh conditions but provide essential ecosystem services to people. We conducted a reciprocal transplant experiment along an elevation gradient(1,920 m vs. 2,450 m) in the French Alps to test the ability of plant species and communities to acclimate to warming and cooling. For 3 years, we measured weekly the timing of phenological events (e.g. start of flowering or greening) and the length of phenological stages linked to demographic performance (e.g. lengths of flowering or greening periods).3. We found that warming (and cooling) changed the timing of phenological events strongly enough to result in complete acclimation for graminoids, for communities in early and mid-season, but not at all for forbs. For example, warming resulted in later greening of communities and delayed all phenophases of graminoids. Lengths of phenological stages did not respond strongly enough to climate change to acclimate completely, except for graminoids. For example, warming led to an acclimation lag in the community's yearly productivity and had a strong negative impact on flowering of forbs. Overall, when there was an acclimation failure, responses to cooling were mostly symmetric and confirmed slow acclimation in mountain grasslands. Synthesis.Our study highlights that phenological plasticity cannot prevent disruption of community functioning under climate warming in the short term. The failures to acclimate after 3 years of warming signals that species and communities underperform and are probably at high risk of being replaced by locally betteradapted plants.

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The AFB1 auxin receptor controls rapid auxin signaling and root growth through membrane depolarization inArabidopsis thaliana

Serre

Kralík

Yun

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The existence of an electric gradient across membranes is essential for a cell operation. In plants, application of the growth regulator auxin (IAA) causes almost instantaneous membrane depolarization in various cell types, making membrane depolarization a hallmark of the rapid non-transcriptional responses to IAA. Auxin triggers rapid root growth inhibition; a process that underlies gravitropic bending. The growth and depolarization responses to auxin show remarkable similarities in dynamics, requirement of auxin influx and the involvement of the TIR1/AFB auxin coreceptors, but whether auxin-induced depolarization participates in root growth inhibition remains unanswered. Here, we established a toolbox to dynamically visualize membrane potential in vivo in Arabidopsis thaliana roots by combining the DISBAC2(3) fluorescent probe with microfluidics and vertical stage microscopy. This way we show that auxin-induced membrane depolarization tightly correlates with rapid root growth inhibition and that the cells of the transition zone/early elongation zone are the most responsive to auxin. Further, we demonstrate that auxin cycling in and out of the cells through AUX1 influx and PIN2 efflux is not essential for membrane depolarization and rapid root growth inhibition but acts as a facilitator of these responses. The rapid membrane depolarization by auxin instead strictly depends on the AFB1 auxin receptor, while the other TIR1/AFB paralogues contribute to this response. The lack of membrane depolarization in the afb1 mutant explains the lack of the immediate root growth inhibition. Finally, we show that AFB1 is required for the rapid depolarization and rapid growth inhibition of cells at the lower side of the gravistimulated root. These results are instrumental in understanding the physiological significance of membrane depolarization for the gravitropic response of the root and clarify the role of AFB1 as the receptor central for rapid auxin responses, adding another piece to the puzzle in understanding the biology of the phytohormone auxin.

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Novel pedagogical tool for simultaneous learning of plane geometry and R programming

Cited by 4 publications

References 26 publications

AFB1 controls rapid auxin signalling through membrane depolarization in Arabidopsis thaliana root

AFB1 controls rapid auxin signalling through membrane depolarization in Arabidopsis thaliana root

Lags in phenological acclimation of mountain grasslands after recent warming

The AFB1 auxin receptor controls rapid auxin signaling and root growth through membrane depolarization inArabidopsis thaliana

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