Novel phosphorus-containing silazanes as flame retardants in epoxy resins

Kukla, Philipp; Greiner, Lara; Eibl, Sebastian; Döring, Manfred; Schönberger, Frank

doi:10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.105120

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…In our previous work, we developed novel phosphasilazanes, which contain both phosphorus and silazane moieties [ 34 ]. Flame-retardant properties were achieved in neat epoxy resin depending on the chemical environment at the phosphorus atom.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phosphasilazanes as Inhibitors for Respirable Fiber Fragments Formed during Burning of Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Resins

et al. 2023

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Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer composites (CFRPs) exhibit additional hazards during and after burning due to respirable fragments of thermo-oxidatively decomposed carbon fibers. In this study, various phosphasilazanes are incorporated into the RTM 6 epoxy matrix of a CFRP to investigate their flame-retarding and fiber-protective properties via cone calorimetry. Residual carbon fibers are analyzed using SEM and EDX regarding their diameter and elemental composition of deposits. The decomposition process of phosphasilazanes is characterized by DIP-MS and infrared spectroscopy of char. Flame-retardant efficiency and mode of action are correlated with the chemical structure of the individual phosphasilazane and compared for neat resin and composite samples. Phosphasilazanes mainly acting in the condensed phase show beneficial fiber-protective and flame-retardant properties. Those with additional gas phase activity are less efficient. The phosphasilazanes degrade thermally via scission of the Si-N bond. The distribution and agglomeration of deposited particles, formed during the fire, influence the residual fiber diameters. Continuous layers show the best combination of flame retardancy and fiber protection, as observed for N-dimethylvinylsilyl-amidophosphorus diphenylester.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, a higher amount of silazane groups within one molecule at the same concentration increased flammability. Phosphorus moieties acting in the gaseous phase were antagonized with the generation of char [ 34 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphasilazanes as Inhibitors for Respirable Fiber Fragments Formed during Burning of Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Resins

et al. 2023

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“…Silicon-based compounds are also effective additives to improve the flame retardancy of PET, such as polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS), which is a cage compound formed by Si–O bonds. , The cage structure not only gives it good stability but also forms a continuous protective solid layer after burning, covering combustible materials, which prevents the combination of combustible gas and air, preventing heat transfer and then slowing the spread of flames. The structure of DOPO-POSS is shown in Figure . , The R group of DOPO-POSS is the phosphine compound 9,10-dihydro-9-oxo-10-oxide (DOPO). The phosphorus-containing group OP–O of DOPO located in the pendant group can provide higher hydrolytic stability and inhibit the occurrence of the droplet phenomenon during combustion. , Based on the previous experience, a phosphor–silicone composite flame retardant system is constructed and then applied in PET to obtain a flame-retardant and antidripping flame-retardant polyester. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The structure of DOPO-POSS is shown in Figure 1 . 13 , 14 The R group of DOPO-POSS is the phosphine compound 9,10-dihydro-9-oxo-10-oxide (DOPO). The phosphorus-containing group O=P–O of DOPO located in the pendant group can provide higher hydrolytic stability and inhibit the occurrence of the droplet phenomenon during combustion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical, Thermal Stability, and Flame Retarding Properties of Phosphorus-Modified PET Blended with DOPO-POSS

et al. 2022

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In this study, an antidroplet flame retardant system based on FRPET (phosphorus-containing copolyester) is constructed with DOPO-POSS (polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing DOPO) as an additive flame retardant. It is demonstrated that DOPO-POSS has good dispersibility at a lower amount. When the amount of DOPO-POSS is 9 wt %, the residual char of DOPO-POSS/FRPET at 700 °C increases to 23.56 from 18.16% of FRPET, and the maximum thermal weight loss rate also reduces. What is more is that the limiting oxygen index increases to 33 from 26% of FRPET. The flame burning time is shortened to 4.95 from 20.8 s, the phenomenon of self-extinguishing of the fire occurs, and the vertical combustion level is increased from V-2 to V-0. Compared with FRPET, the peak of the heat release rate decreases by 66.0%, the total heat release decreases by 32.4%, the flame retardancy index (FRI) reaches an excellent value, and the condensed-phase products significantly improve. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy−energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM−EDX), thermogravimetric−FTIR (TG−FTIR), and pyrolysis−gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry (Py−GC/MS) results indicate that DOPO-POSS contributes to the formation of char layers and decomposes to generate free radicals with a quenching effect. In a word, DOPO-POSS is an effective radical trapper and charring agent for PET and exerts a flame retardancy effect in gaseous and condensed phases simultaneously.

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“…20 Therefore, PPOA is a potentially ideal phosphorus-containing flame retardant containing a carbon-rich environment that elevates the gaseous phase effect and oxygen-rich moieties near phosphorus atoms that upgrades the condensed phase effect. 21,22 In recent years, some metal or multiple elements containing synergistic flame retardant systems based on PPOA have been explored to further improve the flame retardant performance of phosphorus flame retardants. Xian-Ling Fu et al 23 synthesized the twodimensional layered zirconium phosphonate (ZrPP) from PPOA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A facile method for synthesis of novel phenyl phosphates flame retardants and their application in epoxy resin

Guo

Rong

et al. 2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Piperazinyl phenyl phosphate (PPOP) and 4,4-diaminodiphenylmethyl phenyl phosphate (DPOA) containing phosphorus and nitrogen elements as flame retardants applied for epoxy resin (EP) were successfully synthesized, and substantiated by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), 1 H and 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and elemental analysis (EA). The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the EP composites with 3 wt% of PPOP and DPOA attained 33.6% and 34.2%, both acquired the UL-94 V-0 rating, respectively. The peak of heat release rate (pHRR), the total heat release (THR) and the total smoke production (TSP) of EP/PPOP-1 decreased by 21.0%, 25.6%, and 18.7%, respectively. For EP/DPOA-1, the pHRR, THR, and TSP were brought down by 23.5%, 21.8%, and 26.4%, respectively. Flame-retardant mechanisms were explicitly evaluated by the scanning electron microscope (SEM), Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis-infrared spectrometry (TG-IR). This proposed method not only could produce efficient flame retardant for EP but provide new ideas for replacing existing halogenated flame retardants.

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Novel phosphorus-containing silazanes as flame retardants in epoxy resins

Cited by 23 publications

References 54 publications

Phosphasilazanes as Inhibitors for Respirable Fiber Fragments Formed during Burning of Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Resins

Phosphasilazanes as Inhibitors for Respirable Fiber Fragments Formed during Burning of Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Resins

Mechanical, Thermal Stability, and Flame Retarding Properties of Phosphorus-Modified PET Blended with DOPO-POSS

A facile method for synthesis of novel phenyl phosphates flame retardants and their application in epoxy resin

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