Novel Picornavirus Detected in Wild Deer: Identification, Genomic Characterisation, and Prevalence in Australia

Huaman, Jose L.; Pacioni, Carlo; Sarker, Subir; Doyle, Mark; Forsyth, David M.; Pople, Anthony; Carvalho, Teresa G.; Helbig, Karla J.

doi:10.3390/v13122412

Cited by 11 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…However, little is known about the epidemiology of pathogens that wild deer may transmit to livestock, other domestic animals, or wildlife in Australia. The present study complements our recent investigations on pathogens of wild deer across multiple geographic locations in Australia (25)(26)(27)(28). Detection of Neospora caninum antibodies is a key factor in documenting the exposure of wildlife species to the parasite (2).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Wild deer contribute to the sylvatic cycle of Neospora caninum in Australia

Huaman

Pacioni

Doyle³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background Infections with the coccidian parasite Neospora caninum affect domestic and wild animals worldwide. In Australia, N. caninum infections cause considerable losses to the cattle industry, but livestock infection source is contentious. Similarly, the role of wild animals, such as wild deer and kangaroos, in maintaining the parasite cycle is also unclear. It is possible that native or introduced herbivorous species could be reservoir hosts of N. caninum in Australia, but to date, this has not been investigated. Results We report here the first large-scale screening of the immune status of wild deer in Australia, spanning three species. In so doing, we also assessed two commercial cELISA tests validated for detecting N. caninum in cattle for their ability to detect N. caninum antibodies in serum samples of wild deer. N. caninum antibodies were detected in 3.7% of the wild deer serum samples collected in south-eastern Australia (n = 189), including 97 fallow deer, 14 red deer, and 78 sambar deer. Conclusions Overall, our study provides the first evidence of N. caninum antibody profiles in wild deer, quantifying deer's potential role in the sylvatic cycle of N. caninum, and epidemiological baseline information relevant for managing N. caninum infections in Australia.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Wild deer contribute to the sylvatic cycle of Neospora caninum in Australia

Huaman

Pacioni

Doyle³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…However, little is known about the epidemiology of pathogens that Australian deer may transmit to livestock, other domestic animals, or wildlife. The present study complements our initial work on investigating pathogens in wild deer across multiple geographic locations in Australia (Huaman et al, 2020;Huaman et al, 2021;Huaman et al, 2021a;Huaman et al, 2021b). Here we report the identification of Entamoeba sequences in wild deer and cattle faecal samples collected in south-eastern Australia, with subsequent phylogenetic analysis to evaluate the cross-species transmission of Entamoeba parasites.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…Wild deer represent a significant source of pathogen transmission; thus, we hypothesised wild deer to be involved in the transmission of Entamoeba parasites to livestock and vice versa. In recent years, our team has investigated the role of wild deer as carriers of livestock pathogens in Australia (Huaman et al, 2020;Huaman et al, 2021;Huaman et al, 2021a;Huaman et al, 2021b), and here, we report the first detection of Entamoeba parasites in wild deer sampled in Australia. Further, we assess the prevalence, distribution, and characterisation of Entamoeba species and RLs as well as the potential of crossspecies transmission.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…Faecal samples were collected from Australian wild deer to assess their infection status (Huaman et al, 2021a;Huaman et al, 2021b). Opportunistic sampling during field necropsies was carried out on deer culled with the assistance of recreational and professional hunters as part of control operations in New South Wales and Victoria (Figure 1) between August 2019 and October 2020.…”

Section: Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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First Evidence of Entamoeba Parasites in Australian Wild Deer and Assessment of Transmission to Cattle

Huaman

Pacioni

Kenchington-Evans

et al. 2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Australian wild deer populations have significantly expanded in size and distribution in recent decades. Due to their role in pathogen transmission, these deer populations pose a biosecurity risk to the livestock industry. However, little is known about the infection status of wild deer in Australia. The intestinal parasite Entamoeba bovis has been previously detected in farm and wild ruminants worldwide, but its epidemiology and distribution in wild ruminants remain largely unexplored. To investigate this knowledge gap, faecal samples of wild deer and domestic cattle from south-eastern Australia were collected and analysed for the presence of Entamoeba spp. using PCR and phylogenetic analysis of the conserved 18S rRNA gene. E. bovis parasites were detected at high prevalence in cattle and wild deer hosts, and two distinct Entamoeba ribosomal lineages (RLs), RL1 and RL8, were identified in wild deer. Phylogenetic analysis further revealed the existance of a novel Entamoeba species in sambar deer and a novel Entamoeba RL in fallow deer. While we anticipated cross-species transmission of E. bovis between wild deer and cattle, the data generated in this study demonstrated transmission is yet to occur in Australia. Overall, this study has identified novel variants of Entamoeba and constitutes the first report of Entamoeba in fallow deer and sambar deer, expanding the host range of this parasite. Epidemiological investigations and continued surveillance of Entamoeba parasites in farm ruminants and wild animals will be required to evaluate pathogen emergence and transmission to livestock.

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“…Bopivirus is a newly recognized genus in the Picornaviridae family. Based on the current ICTV classification criteria, members of the same picornaviral genus should share >33% amino acid identity for capsid region P1 and >36% amino acid identity for non-structural proteins 2C and 3CD (1)(2)(3). At present, the genus Bopivirus contains one officially and two candidate recognized species, namely Bopivirus A, "Bopivirus B" and "bopivirus C" (www.picornaviridae.com).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First detection and molecular characteristics of bopivirus from goats in China

Yang

Abi

et al. 2022

Front. Vet. Sci.

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A metavirome analysis was performed and detected bopivirus in the diarrhoeal fecal samples of goats in China. A total of 136 fecal samples were collected from yeanlings between the dates of June 2021 and January 2022 in Sichuan province, China. Moreover, “Bopivirus B” strains were detected by a specific RT-PCR targeting the 3D gene of the virus. The results showed that the overall detection rate of “Bopivirus B” was 19.12% (26/136). Additionally, there was a higher detection rate (24.05%, 19/79) in the fecal samples collected from yeanlings with diarrhea compared to those from asymptomatic animals (12.28%, 7/57). In these samples, no other common diarrhea-causing pathogens were detected except for three enteric viruses, namely caprine enterovirus, caprine kobuvirus and caprine hunnivirus (with detection rates of 13.97, 13.97, and 8.82%, respectively). Subsequently, full-length VP4, VP2, VP3, and VP1 genes from “Bopivirus B”-positive samples were amplified, cloned, sequenced, and analyzed. The phylogenetic analysis performed on the VP1 genes revealed that the identified bopivirus belonged to genotype B1 (seven strains) and B2 (three strains) and presented a high genetic diversity. Furthermore, a complete genome sequence of a “Bopivirus B” strain (SWUN/B1/2022) was obtained using PCR from fecal sample of a diarrhoeal yeanling. The complete genome was 7,309 nucleotides in length with a standard picornavirus genome organization, and shares 93.10% and 91.10% nucleotide similarity with bopivirus B1 genotype strain ovine/TB14/2010-HUN and bopivirus B2 genotype strain goat/AGK16/2020-HUN, respectively. According to the species classification criteria put forward by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses and VP1 genotype, the strain SWUN/B1/2022 belongs to the bopivirus B1. This strain has unique amino acid substitutions in the VP4, VP2, VP3, and VP1 genes. Moreover, genomic recombination analysis revealed that this strain may be a minor parental strain of bopivirus B1 ovine/TB14/2010-HUN. Evolutionary analysis based on the 2C and 3CD genes revealed that the new bopivirus B1 strain SWUN/B1/2022 presents a unique evolutionary pattern. This study provided evidence to suggest that “Bopivirus B” is circulating with substantial genetic diversity in goats in China at present, and the mixed infection of “Bopivirus B” with other enteric viruses should be considered to be a composite factor in the occurrence of viral diarrhea in goats.

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Novel Picornavirus Detected in Wild Deer: Identification, Genomic Characterisation, and Prevalence in Australia

Cited by 11 publications

References 31 publications

Wild deer contribute to the sylvatic cycle of Neospora caninum in Australia

Wild deer contribute to the sylvatic cycle of Neospora caninum in Australia

First Evidence of Entamoeba Parasites in Australian Wild Deer and Assessment of Transmission to Cattle

First detection and molecular characteristics of bopivirus from goats in China

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