Novel Piezoelectric Sensor by Aerosol Jet Printing in Industry 4.0

Aerosol‐Jet Printed Sensors for Environmental, Safety, and Health Monitoring: A Review

“…[40] To this end, Fappani et al measured axial and shear forces by designing a piezoelectric force sensor for applications in SCoT in which a piezoelectric ink is deposited in between two printed parallel bottom silver-palladium electrodes. [41] Notably, as sensors continue to decrease in size to fit in smaller and low-power device components, the performance of parallel-plate capacitor designs is limited by their nonlinearity and dependence of capacitance on electrode area. [127] Serpentine, meander, and IDE patterns have been used as alternative designs for capacitancebased shear strain sensing, with simulation studies noting the influence of design parameters such as line width, length, and spacing on sensor performance.…”

“…Miniaturized gas sensors featuring user-friendly operations, ease of portability, increased safety measures, and higher sensitivities are highly desirable for an IoT-enabled world, and AJP is exceptionally suited for microconformal printing. [41,136] To this end, one of the first all-direct-write gas sensors was constructed by Marinov et al in 2007 on an FR4 printed circuit board (PCB) to serve as a chemiresistive vapor sensor for military applications. [109] The device was selectively responsive to an organophosphorus nerve gas stimulant, dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), in the presence of interfering chemicals.…”

“…Direct-write printing has been widely adopted in sensor fabrication due to readily accessible simplified printing methods and the availability of diverse raw material choices for practical print designs. [270] AJP, in particular, as a noncontact method featuring [ 84,129,39,89,40] automotive, [ 129] structural health monitoring, [ 39,84,111,124,119,57,135,108,26] human-machine interfaces, [ 39,89] smart connected objects, [ 21,41,106] smart bandages, [ 102] smart personal protective equipment, [91] aerospace, [ 125,108,142,139,119] touch sensing, [89] robotics, [ 127,96,89,149,120,148,147] Internet of Things integration, [ 21,41,84,106] engineering, [ 57,107,135] surgery, [ 127] military operations, [89] nuclear,…”

“…[ 37 ] AJP classically employs silver nanoparticle inks for the deposition of lines and conductive traces [ 2,38 ] and many such examples can be seen throughout sensor fabrication designs. Although unadulterated silver nanoparticles are a lasting feature of the active material of AJP sensor designs, other nanogeometries such as silver nanowires (AgNWs) [ 39,40 ] and metallic composites including silver–palladium [ 41 ] and silver–carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [ 42 ] have been increasingly investigated. Due to their excellent electrical properties, other colloidal metallic nanoparticle systems that have been employed include gold, [ 43 ] palladium, [ 44 ] and platinum, [ 45 ] the latter of which is an emerging ink for high‐resolution conductive microstructures that has recently been investigated toward generalizable parameter optimization.…”

Improvement of the Relative Sensitivity for Obtaining a High Performance Piezoelectric Sensor

“…Several research studies have been carried out to optimize the electrical performances of the piezoelectric sensor. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. On the other hand, in this paper; the piezoelectric sensor is chosen to study it, as well as to present their physical behavior in mathematical equations.…”