Novel Plating Processes for Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cell Metallization Using a Structured Seed Layer

Glatthaar, Markus; Rohit, Rukmangada; Rodofili, A.; Snow, Yitzhak; Nekarda, Jan; Bartsch, Jonas

doi:10.1109/jphotov.2017.2748999

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…On the other hand, a plated metallization is intrinsically a low temperature process. Plated approaches using highly conductive and less expensive copper are currently investigated . The Cu‐based contacts can be electroplated simultaneously on both‐sides of the solar cells and TCOs like indium‐tin‐oxide (ITO) are good barrier to metals diffusion into silicon .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An etchant is inkjet‐printed to structure the contact positions in the Al layer. This grid‐patterning method is even cheaper than the deposition of a reactive silver ink onto the aluminum . Only a small area − contact‐grid area <10% of the cell, has to be printed in contrary to the “Resist route” (masking >90% of the cell area).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plated approaches using highly conductive and less expensive copper are currently investigated. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] The Cu-based contacts can be electroplated simultaneously on bothsides of the solar cells and TCOs like indium-tin-oxide (ITO) are good barrier to metals diffusion into silicon. [21] This manufacturing of plated bifacial SHJ solar cells intends to increase the contacts conductivity and reduces drastically the precious Ag consumption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This grid-patterning method is even cheaper than the deposition of a reactive silver ink onto the aluminum. [15,17] Only a small area À contact-grid area <10% of the cell, has to be printed in contrary to the "Resist route" (masking >90% of the cell area). In all other positions, the thin Al layer effectively suppresses parasitic plating issue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Native Oxide Barrier Layer for Selective Electroplated Metallization of Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells

et al. 2019

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The metallization of silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells by electroplating of highly conductive copper onto a multifunctional patterned metal layer stack is demonstrated. The approach features several advantages: low temperature processing, high metal conductivity of plated copper, no organic making, and low material costs (almost Ag‐free). A PVD layer stack of copper and aluminum is deposited onto the cell subsequently to TCO deposition. The aluminum layer is patterned with a printed etchant and its native oxide on the remaining areas inhibits plating. The full area aluminum layer while electroplating supports plating current distribution and allows homogeneous plating height distributions over the cell. The NOBLE (native oxide barrier layer for selective electroplating) approach allows reaching a first encouraging SHJ solar cell efficiency of 20.2% with low contact resistivity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Native Oxide Barrier Layer for Selective Electroplated Metallization of Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells

et al. 2019

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“…Plated metallization on TCO for solar cells faces several challenges [6][7][8][9][10][11]. While plated copper features low adhesion on TCOs, both-sides of the cell area are susceptible to plating.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishing the “native oxide barrier layer for selective electroplated” metallization for bifacial silicon heterojunction solar cells

Hatt

Bartsch

Kluska

et al. 2019

15th International Conference on Concentrator Photovoltaic Systems (CPV-15)

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The metallization of silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells by selective Cu electroplating onto a structured PVD Cu-Al seed and mask layer stack is established by using the native oxide of the Al as insulating barrier. The NOBLE metallization (native oxide barrier layer for selective electroplating) allows reaching a first promising efficiency of 20.0% on full area SHJ solar cell with low contact resistivity on ITO. The approach features several advantages: low temperature processing, high metal conductivity of plated copper, no organic making and low material costs (almost Agfree).

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A Review on the Development of Metal Grids for the Upscaling of Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules

et al. 2021

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Perovskites are materials with the same crystal structure of calcium titanate (CaTiO 3 ), which were discovered by Gustav Rose in 1839 and named after Russian mineralogist Lev Perovski (1792-1856). [1,2] Perovskites have a general formula of ABX 3 , where A and B are cations with different sizes (A > B) and X is an anion. [3] The crystalline structure of these materials depends on the temperature [4][5][6] and ionic or elemental radii of A, B, and X elements, [7] which could change from a cubic phase to a tetragonal phase or a low-symmetry orthorhombic phase.Perovskites may be separated in two classes: inorganic (such as PbTiO 3 , CaSiO 3 , etc) and hybrid organic-inorganic (CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 , HCðNH 2 Þ 2 PbI 3 , etc.). Hybrid perovskites are the materials of choice in terms of research regarding photovoltaic applications. In these materials, A is an organic cation (such as methylammonium), and X is a monovalent halide anion (I À , Br À , or Cl À ). [8] The first hybrid perovskite studied was CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 (MAPI), which was synthesized and described by Weber in 1978. [9] This material was shown to crystallize in three distinct structural phases: cubic above 330 K (space group Pm3m), a tetragonal phase from 160 to 330 K (space group I4/mcm), and an orthorhombic phase below 160 K (space group Pnma). [6,9] Lead halide perovskites have caught the attention of the scientific community in the last decade due to their singular properties, which include a direct bandgap (1.4-3.0 eV), [10][11][12][13] long charge diffusion length (>1 μm), [14] high absorption coefficient, [15] and high defect tolerance. [16] This last characteristic plays a very important role in the electronic properties of the material since it maintains good electronic quality despite the presence of defects. [17,18] So far, their main applications have been in solar cells, [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] light-emitting diodes, [32] lasers, [33] energy conversion and storage applications. [34,35] The first concrete application of hybrid perovskite films as active material in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) was accomplished in 2006 by Kojima et al., [36] who studied MAPbBr 3 PSCs and achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.2%. Some years later, in 2009, they substituted bromide for iodide, and the PCE was increased to 3.8%, even though the devices were unstable. [19] After these seminal works, the efficiency of the devices followed a continuous growth. Promising results came in 2012, when Kim et al. [37] replaced the liquid electrolyte with a hole conductor organic molecule known as spiro-OMeTAD. This change not only improved the stability of the cells but also increased their PCE to 9.7%. This approach was so successful that it remains relevant and in frequent use until now. In 2013, Burschka et al. [23] proposed a sequential (two steps) technique to deposit perovskite films in which firstly a PbI 2 layer is deposited, followed by deposition of methylammonium iodide

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Novel Plating Processes for Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cell Metallization Using a Structured Seed Layer

Cited by 14 publications

References 13 publications

Native Oxide Barrier Layer for Selective Electroplated Metallization of Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells

Native Oxide Barrier Layer for Selective Electroplated Metallization of Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells

Establishing the “native oxide barrier layer for selective electroplated” metallization for bifacial silicon heterojunction solar cells

A Review on the Development of Metal Grids for the Upscaling of Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules

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