Novel process for direct conversion of free energy of mixing into electric power

Abstract

Experimental data on solid particle velocities were obtained from a 5 cm i.d. Schildknecht-type column by using model systems. The variables tested were the helix angular speed, the solid concentration, the particle diameter, and the viscosity of the supporting fluid. Two transport regimes were observed depending on the ratio Vx/Vn, where Vx is the particle free-settling velocity and Vn the apparent downward helix velocity. For both regimes, data were correlated by using a velocity equation. For Vx > l/n, the experimental data fit a correlation reported in the literature if suitable frictional coefficients are inserted. For l/t < l/n, an empirical correlation has been developed to describe quantitatively the crystals axial velocity which takes into account the helix speed and the system's physical and transport properties.

Mass transport in reverse electrodialysis for sustainable energy generation

“…In 2007 the United Nation's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) presented its fourth assessment report and with a confidence level of > 90 % it concludes that the global warming effect is caused by human activities [1]. Human induced a tremendous increase in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and halocarbons.…”

“…Between 1970 and 2004, the largest grow in green house gas emissions came from the supply of energy (e.g. power plants), and the transport and industry sectors, while residential and commercial buildings, forestry and agriculture sectors have been growing at a lower rate [1].…”

“…With a high confidence it can be assumed that these significant changes led and will lead to extreme weather events (e.g. floods), dramatic changes in the ecosystem, change of global agricultural patterns and a negative impact on fresh water systems [1].…”

Reverse electrodialysis: evaluation of suitable electrode systems

“…With a typical RED current density of 5 mA cm -2 this effect on the thickness of electrodes is about 2 mm per week. Jagur-Grodzinski and Kramer [12] and Audinos [13,14] used zinc electrodes with a ZnSO 4 electrode rinse solution. In another experiment Audinos used Ag/AgCl electrodes in a NaCl solution [13,14].…”

“…ions stay in the electrode compartments. Jagur-Grodzinski and Kramer [12] also used active metal electrodes (zinc) but their design was improved by taking Cl -as anion. Turek and Bandura [22] described a system with a Na 2 SO 4 electrode rinse in combination with anion exchange outer membranes, evolving H 2 at the cathode and in first instance O 2 at the anode.…”