Novel roles of PIWI proteins and PIWI-interacting RNAs in human health and diseases

Abstract

Non-coding RNA has aroused great research interest recently, they play a wide range of biological functions, such as regulating cell cycle, cell proliferation, and intracellular substance metabolism. Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are emerging small non-coding RNAs that are 24–31 nucleotides in length. Previous studies on piRNAs were mainly limited to evaluating the binding to the PIWI protein family to play the biological role. However, recent studies have shed more lights on piRNA functions; aberrant piRNAs play unique roles in many human diseases, including diverse lethal cancers. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of piRNAs expression and the specific functional roles of piRNAs in human diseases is crucial for developing its clinical applications. Presently, research on piRNAs mainly focuses on their cancer-specific functions but lacks investigation of their expressions and epigenetic modifications. This review discusses piRNA’s biogenesis and functional roles and the recent progress of functions of piRNA/PIWI protein complexes in human diseases.

PIWI-Interacting RNAs: A Pivotal Regulator in Neurological Development and Disease

“…PiRNA biogenesis is a multistep process starting with transcription and the early processing of precursor RNA in the nucleus, export, and precursor cleavage, followed by processing to mature piRNAs and loading into PIWI proteins [ 29 ]. It includes two steps: the primary loop and the ping-pong loop ( Figure 1 ) [ 30 , 31 ].…”