Novel Strategies in Vaccine Design: Can Nanocapsules Help Prevent and Treat Hepatitis B?

Gehring, Stephan; Pietrzak-Nguyen, Anette; Fichter, Michael; Landfester, Katharina

doi:10.2217/nnm-2016-0064

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…90,[92][93][94][95][96][97][98] These recombinant HBV protein vaccines usually require adjuvants (e.g., aluminum hydroxide) to enhance the immune responses. 100 Furthermore, regardless of the source of production, recombinant protein vaccines need to produce sufficient secreted surface proteins. It was reported that several more economical recombinant protein production platforms have been developed based on plants, 101,102 and the vaccine produced from an edible plant may be used for the development of oral HBV vaccines.…”

Section: Pre-s and The Development Of Hbv Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several common pre‐S‐containing HBV vaccines have been developed and assessed (Table 1). 90,92–98 These recombinant HBV protein vaccines usually require adjuvants (e.g., aluminum hydroxide) to enhance the immune responses 100 . Furthermore, regardless of the source of production, recombinant protein vaccines need to produce sufficient secreted surface proteins.…”

Section: Applications Of the Pre‐s Domainmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hepatitis B virus pre‐S region: Clinical implications and applications

Sun

Chang

Yan

et al. 2020

Reviews in Medical Virology

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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major threat to global public health, which can result in many acute and chronic liver diseases. HBV, a member of the family Hepadnaviridae, is a small enveloped DNA virus containing a circular genome of 3.2 kb. Located upstream of the S-open-reading frame of the HBV genome is the pre-S region, which is vital to the viral life cycle. The pre-S region has high variability and many mutations in the pre-S region are associated with several liver diseases, such as fulminant hepatitis (FH), liver cirrhosis (LC), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In addition, the pre-S region has been applied in the development of several pre-S-based materials and systems to prevent or treat HBV infection. In conclusion, the pre-S region plays an essential role in the occurrence, diagnosis, and treatment of HBV-related liver diseases, which may provide a novel perspective for the study of HBV infection and relevant diseases. K E Y W O R D Shepatitis B virus (HBV), pre-S mutants, occult HBV infection | INTRODUCTIONHepatitis B is a non-negligible, life-threatening liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It can progress to chronic infection, putting infected people at enormous risk of developing liver cirrhosis (LC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and even causing death. 1 A total of 257 million people worldwide have been chronically infected with HBV as of 2016, and it results in an estimated 887,000 deaths annually. 2 Hepatitis B has imposed huge burdens on many countries, and it remains a global public health problem that requires an urgent response.HBV belongs to the family Hepadnaviridae and is a small enveloped DNA virus. The viral genome is a partially double-stranded DNA with approximately 3200 base pairs. Based on the sequence divergence of the full HBV genome, 10 genotypes (A to J) and several subtypes of HBV have been identified, with different geographical distributions. 3 Four partially overlapping open-reading frames (ORFs) in the viral genome (pre-S/S, pre-C/C, P, and X) are responsible for encoding essential proteins for the viral life cycle. Among them, the pre-S/S ORF encodes three enveloped/surface proteins, that is, Large (L), Middle (M), and Small (S) proteins. 4 In fact, in addition to encoding surface proteins, the pre-S domain is reported to have many other important functions in the HBV life cycle, such as mediating HBV infection, forming viral particles, and inducing host immune responses. 5 The pre-S region has high variability, and mutations of the pre-S region have been confirmed to be related to several different acute and chronic liver diseases, which are of great clinical significance. 6 Moreover, the pre-S domain has displayed good

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Section: Pre-s and The Development Of Hbv Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Applications Of the Pre‐s Domainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis B virus pre‐S region: Clinical implications and applications

Sun

Chang

Yan

et al. 2020

Reviews in Medical Virology

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“…Whereas the former is determined by the intrinsic properties of the NP-like size and charge, active targeting is achieved by the attachment of receptor-binding moieties on the NP surface. For the treatment of liverassociated disorders, nanoformulations need to exert disease-specific biological effects; for instance, in the case of virus-induced hepatitis nano-vaccines aim to evoke antiviral immune responses [21,22], whereas in the case of autoimmune hepatitis nanodrugs are intended to dampen inflammation [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liver Cell Type-Specific Targeting by Nanoformulations for Therapeutic Applications

Kaps,

Limeres,

Schneider

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Hepatocytes exert pivotal roles in metabolism, protein synthesis and detoxification. Non-parenchymal liver cells (NPCs), largely comprising macrophages, dendritic cells, hepatic stellate cells and liver sinusoidal cells (LSECs), serve to induce immunological tolerance. Therefore, the liver is an important target for therapeutic approaches, in case of both (inflammatory) metabolic diseases and immunological disorders. This review aims to summarize current preclinical nanodrug-based approaches for the treatment of liver disorders. So far, nano-vaccines that aim to induce hepatitis virus-specific immune responses and nanoformulated adjuvants to overcome the default tolerogenic state of liver NPCs for the treatment of chronic hepatitis have been tested. Moreover, liver cancer may be treated using nanodrugs which specifically target and kill tumor cells. Alternatively, nanodrugs may target and reprogram or deplete immunosuppressive cells of the tumor microenvironment, such as tumor-associated macrophages. Here, combination therapies have been demonstrated to yield synergistic effects. In the case of autoimmune hepatitis and other inflammatory liver diseases, anti-inflammatory agents can be encapsulated into nanoparticles to dampen inflammatory processes specifically in the liver. Finally, the tolerance-promoting activity especially of LSECs has been exploited to induce antigen-specific tolerance for the treatment of allergic and autoimmune diseases.

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Potential SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: Concept, progress, and challenges

Hosseini

Zahedipour

Mirzaei

et al. 2021

International Immunopharmacology

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Since September 2020, the world has had more than 28 million cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Many countries are facing a second wave of the COVID-19 outbreak. A pressing need is evident for the development of a potent vaccine to control the SARS-CoV-2. Institutions and companies in many countries have announced their vaccine research programs and progress against the COVID-19. While most vaccines go through the designation and preparation stages, some of them are under evaluation for efficacy among animal models and clinical trials, and three approved vaccine candidates have been introduced for limited exploitation in Russia and China. An effective vaccine must induce a protective response of both cell-mediated and humoral immunity and should meet the safety and efficacy criteria. Although the emergence of new technologies has accelerated the development of vaccines, there are several challenges on the way, such as limited knowledge about the pathophysiology of the virus, inducing humoral or cellular immunity, immune enhancement with animal coronavirus vaccines, and lack of an appropriate animal model. In this review, we firstly discuss the immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 disease, subsequently, give an overview of several vaccine platforms for SARS-CoV-2 under clinical trials and challenges in vaccine development against this virus.

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Novel Strategies in Vaccine Design: Can Nanocapsules Help Prevent and Treat Hepatitis B?

Cited by 3 publications

References 20 publications

Hepatitis B virus pre‐S region: Clinical implications and applications

Hepatitis B virus pre‐S region: Clinical implications and applications

Liver Cell Type-Specific Targeting by Nanoformulations for Therapeutic Applications

Potential SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: Concept, progress, and challenges

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