Novel sustainable biobased flame retardant from functionalized vegetable oil for enhanced flame retardancy of engineering plastic

Abstract

The flame retardancy of an engineering plastic, poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), with a biobased flame retardant (FR) made from phosphorylated linseed oil (PLO) and phosphorylated downstream corn oil (PCO) was studied. Different phosphorus moieties were incorporated into the vegetable oil backbone through a ring-opening reaction. The chemical structure of the phosphorylated oil was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear resonance magnetic (NMR) spectroscopy. It was found that the incorporation of only 7.5 wt% of PLO was sufficient to change the UL-94 fire class of PBT from non-rating to V-0. The flame-retardancy mechanism of the PBT/PLO blends was evaluated from TGA-FTIR analysis. The combined effects of the gas phase mechanism and the dripping tendency of the blends aided to retard the flame propagation effectively. As the synthesized PLO and PCO contained high free fatty acids, the acid-ester exchange reaction occurred in the blends to form oligomers during the ignition. As a result, the blend dripped immediately and the drips carried all the heat to prevent fire. This work suggests that this sustainable biobased FR could be a desirable alternative to halogen-based FRs for PBT and other engineering polymers to develop more environmentally friendly FR products for various future applications.

The Influence of the Hybridization Process on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polyoxymethylene (POM) Composites with the Use of a Novel Sustainable Reinforcing System Based on Biocarbon and Basalt Fiber (BC/BF)

“…It is worth mentioning that a slight falling curve profile for POM-based samples is an additional confirmation of the thermal stability of the material structure. Rapid changes in the course of the storage modulus curve are evidence of phase transitions, most often the glass transition of the polymer amorphous phase, and it is especially noticeable for low crystalline thermoplastic polyesters (PLA, PBT or PET) [59][60][61][62]. A typical feature of this type of material is the direct link between the HDT/Vicat temperature range and the decrease in storage modulus around T g .…”

“…The thermomechanical stability of POM samples is confirmed by the tan δ plots, where for the entire temperature range the curves did not indicate significant changes in material dumping behavior. noticeable for low crystalline thermoplastic polyesters (PLA, PBT or PET) [59][60][61][62]. A typical feature of this type of material is the direct link between the HDT/Vicat temperature range and the decrease in storage modulus around Tg.…”

Cardanol derived P, Si and N based precursors to develop flame retardant phenolic foam

“…Phenolic foams (PFs), characterized by thermal and chemical stability, adhesivity, high thermal insulation, and flame retardancy, have been widely used in electric instruments, petrochemistry, and architecture 8 – 10 . However, the application of PFs to other areas are limited owing to their relatively low mechanical performance and high flammability.…”

“…The most important and feasible requirement to promote the further utility of cardanol-based PFs at the industrial scale is to improve their flame retardancy. Since the European Union banned the use of halogenated fire retardants, flame retardants incorporating P 10,12,13 , Si 14,15 and N 16,17 have emerged as efficient non-halogenated candidates. To eliminate PF's current drawbacks, i.e., the intrinsic brittleness and high flammability, this study examines cardanol as a renewable feedstock to replace phenol in PF synthesis 18 .…”

Phosphonates of Vegetable Oils—Characterization as Lubricants

“…The hydrophosphonylation reaction, in which compounds with a double bond are converted into phosphonates (compounds with phosphorus‐carbon bond), is less often used in biobased materials (Bantchev et al, 2013; Biresaw and Bantchev, 2013, 2015; Millet et al, 2014) than ester formation. There is an interest in incorporating phosphorylated lipids in polymers to impart flame‐retardancy (Bocque et al, 2018; Chang et al, 2019). Anticorrosion phosphonate has been synthesized from methyl oleate (Millet et al, 2014).…”