Novel therapies for diabetic retinopathy

Abstract

diabetes mellitus (dM) is a metabolic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels as well as microvascular and macrovascular changes. according to the latest statistics the growth of dM incidence is very fast. Diabetic retinopathy (Dr) -one of the common DM complications -is the leading cause of blindness among professionally active people. traditional treatment of dR including drugs controlling hyperglycemia, laser therapy, vitrectomy, and intravitreal injections of anti-Vegf is effectively administered with the effect of neovascularization and macular edema prevention. However, new potential Dr therapies -focusing on a longer therapeutic effect and potentially fewer side effects -are being widely investigated. Gene therapy -targeting retinal vasculopathy or targeting retinal protection, mesenchymal stem cell injections, sglt2 inhibitors, and islet cell transplantation have been proved to stop dR progression. the majority of the new treatment research was performed on an animal model and did not reach the final study stage. a further future human model and randomized studies with optimized delivery vectors will hopefully confirm positive outcomes of the new dR therapies.

AAV-Based Strategies for Treatment of Retinal and Choroidal Vascular Diseases: Advances in Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Diabetic Retinopathy Therapies

“…DM is one of the most significant public health concerns, estimated to be affecting over 570 million people by 2025 [ 105 ]. It consists of a group of conditions characterised by impaired glucose metabolism caused by insulin secretion deficiency and/or its biological function disorder, resulting in hyperglycaemia and several vascular complications [ 106 ]. DR is the most common complication of DM, estimated to be present in more than 103 million people worldwide, and ranking as one of the leading causes of preventable blindness in the working-age population [ 107 ].…”

“…As the disease progresses to proliferative DR, neovascularisation and vitreous or preretinal haemorrhage are observed, which can lead to retinal detachment and subsequent blindness [ 104 , 106 ]. The disease has a slow onset and gradual progression, affected by several risk factors, including glycaemic control, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, obesity, duration of DM, puberty, and pregnancy [ 111 ].…”

Visualization Analysis of Research Hotspots and Trends in the Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy with Traditional Chinese Medicine

“…(2) Therapeutic drugs. Due to the limitations of traditional surgical treatment [24] , in recent years, drugs with less side effects and longer curative effects for the treatment of DR have been developed, including drugs for targeted therapy, mesenchymal stem cell injection, SGLT2 inhibitors etc. AI et al [25] conducted animal experiments on Xiao Bopi(XBP) with the efficacy of clearing away heat and toxic materials, and showed that XBP effectively improved the glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity of DR mice, while markedly thickened the retinal of DR mice.…”

Depiction of Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) in Diabetes with a Focus on Diabetic Microvascular Complications

“…Empagliflozin (EMPA), an aSGLT-2 inhibitor drug known for its high selectivity for SGLT2, is the first-choice glucose-lowering agent that can significantly reduce cardiovascular risk in patients with T2DM [ 80 ] and may also help in diabetic retinopathy treatment [ 81 , 82 ]. Gong et al showed that EMPA can lower BCAA levels in DR by boosting BCAA catabolism through an increase in BCAT levels and via BCKDK inhibition, which leads to BCKDH complex activation and may play a protective role in ameliorating the damaging effects of DR [ 83 ].…”