Novel Trends in Analytical Methods for β-Blockers: An Overview of Applications in the Last Decade

Electrochemical screening of selected β-blockers at a polarized liquid–liquid interface

“…2 The selectivity of β-blockers, influencing their specific actions and potential side effects, varies across different generations of these drugs. 3 The third generation of β-blockers has demonstrated additional properties, including improved insulin resistance, and has been found to decrease cholesterol levels. 4 While β-blockers are widely recognized for their efficacy in treating conditions like hypertension, angina, and arrhythmias, it is imperative to acknowledge potential side effects associated with their use.…”

Chemically modified electrochemical sensors for the detection of β-blockers: an overview of electrode modifiers

“…At present, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), capillary electrophoresis (CE), UV-visible spectrophotometry, mass spectrometry (MS) and many other analytical methods can be utilized for the test of β-blockers, but these methods require sample pretreatment before analysis, which is time-consuming and labor-intensive, and consumes a large amount of organic matter, causing pollution to the environment [8,9]. In addition, the instrument is expensive and large, which is not conducive to rapid and portable analysis.…”

“…Among other things, β-blockers are utilized as stimulants in sports competitions such as archery and golf by lowering heart rate and reducing anxiety, which are restricted by World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)[6,7]. Hence, building a straightforward, portable, sensitive, accurate and specific analytical strategy for the detection of βblockers is necessary.At present, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), capillary electrophoresis (CE), UV-visible spectrophotometry, mass spectrometry (MS) and many other analytical methods can be utilized for the test of β-blockers, but these methods require sample pretreatment before analysis, which is time-consuming and labor-intensive, and consumes a large amount of organic matter, causing pollution to the environment[8,9]. In addition, the instrument is expensive and large, which is not conducive to rapid and portable analysis.Electrochemical methods are very simple and do not require any pretreatment process such as separation or extraction, which effectively overcome the shortcomings of the traditional methods.…”

Multi-functional porous organic polymers for highly-efficient solid-phase extraction of β-agonists and β-blockers in milk

“… 1 β-Blockers, which also have an ethanol amine side chain bonded to the aromatic ring via a CH 2 –O-bond in the structure, are among the most prescribed drugs and frequently recommended in patients with hypertension, angina, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, and heart failure. 3 Furthermore, β-blockers may be abused by athletes to lower anxiety in some competitions. Thus, β-blocker residues may be present in environmental samples due to high consumption.…”