Cubosomes are nanoparticles
with bicontinuous cubic internal nanostructures
that have been considered for use in drug delivery systems (DDS).
However, their low structural stability is a crucial concern for medical
applications. Herein, we investigated the use of a gemini surfactant,
sodium dilauramidoglutamide lysine (DLGL), which is composed of two
monomeric surfactants linked with a spacer to improve the structural
stability of cubosomes prepared with phytantriol (PHY). Uniform nanosuspensions
comprising a specific mixing ratio of DLGL and PHY in water prepared
via ultrasonication were confirmed by using dynamic light scattering.
Small-angle X-ray scattering and cryo-transmission electron microscopy
revealed the formation of
Pn
3̅
m
cubosomes in a range of DLGL/PHY solid ratios between 1 and 3% w/w.
By contrast, cubosome formation was not observed at DLGL/PHY solid
ratios of 5% w/w or higher, suggesting that excess DLGL interfered
with cubosome formation and caused them to transform into small unilamellar
vesicles. The addition of phosphate-buffered saline to the nanosuspension
caused aggregation when the solid ratio of DLGL/PHY was less than
5% w/w. However,
Im
3̅
m
cubosomes
were obtained at solid ratios of DLGL/PHY of 6, 7.5, and 10% w/w.
The lattice parameters of the
Pn
3̅
m
and
Im
3̅
m
cubosomes were
approximately 7 and 11–13 nm, respectively. The lattice parameters
of
Im
3̅
m
cubosomes were affected
by the concentration of DLGL.
Pn
3̅
m
cubosomes were surprisingly stable for 4 weeks at both 25 and 5
°C. In conclusion, DLGL, a gemini surfactant, was found to act
as a new stabilizer for PHY cubosomes at specific concentrations.
Cubosomes composed of DLGL are stable under low-temperature storage
conditions, such as in refrigerators, making them a viable option
for heat-sensitive DDS.