Novel wastewater surveillance strategy for early detection of coronavirus disease 2019 hotspots

Snowballing transmission of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) through wastewater: Any sustainable preventive measures to curtail the scourge in low-income countries?

“…The current global pandemic of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (code-named COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and its potential transmission through wastewater is raising concerns amidst the science community (Amirian, 2020;Venugopal et al, 2020;Randazzo et al, 2020;Ahmed et al, 2020;Nghiem et al, 2020). While studies on the routes through which humans can contract the virus are still evolving, the currently known routes are inhalation of droplets of saliva, sputum, and personto-person body contacts (WHO, 2020a;Kitajima et al, 2020).…”

Fate of COVID-19 Occurrences in Wastewater Systems: Emerging Detection and Treatment Technologies—A Review

“…Magnetic nanoparticles (Ferromagnetite) have been reported as good substrates for heavy metal adsorption from aqueous solutions [9,34]. The chemistry behind this mechanism could be attributed to the four unpaired electrons in the 3d shell with an iron atom having a strong magnetic moment.…”

“…The stabilization of the iron oxide nanoparticles by adding surfactants as a type of surface modification is desirable. In this context, ongoing application of magnetic nanoparticles in wastewater settings, which includes the removal of non-magnetic water pollutants like dissolved pollutants, algae, and viruses via magnetic separation has appeared to be very promising techniques [9].…”

“…Recently, applications of magnetic separation have been introduced in biotechnology for analytical applications, separation of cells, sewage treatment, protein digestion and purifications [6,9,34,39]. Furthermore, integrating MBs with aptamers opens up additional opportunities in various applications including disease diagnosis using biosensors, cell imaging and labelling and magnetic resonance imaging, disease therapy, water purification, wastewater treatment, sewage treatment, and sample preparation [34,39].…”

“…Additionally, with specifications, MBs could then function with different responsive groups, like tosyls, epoxyls, carboxyls, and amines which can be utilized to immobilize ligands with high affinity including antibodies, proteins, aptamers, among others, based on the accepted applications [6,39]. Recently, applications of magnetic separation have been introduced in biotechnology for analytical applications, separation of cells, sewage treatment, protein digestion and purifications [6,9,34,39]. Furthermore, integrating MBs with aptamers opens up additional opportunities in various applications including disease diagnosis using biosensors, cell imaging and labelling and magnetic resonance imaging, disease therapy, water purification, wastewater treatment, sewage treatment, and sample preparation [34,39].…”