Novel Ways of Heat Removal from Highly Irradiated Superconducting Windings in Accelerator Magnets

Implementation of the superfluid helium phase transition using finite element modeling: Simulation of transient heat transfer and He-I/He-II phase front movement in cooling channels of superconducting magnets

“…This means that not only the cable insulation, but also heat removal through the coil structure needs to be optimized. Thermal analyses and optimization of the ground insulation, mid-plane area, annular space and collar laminations are performed to improve removal of steady state heat losses [6][7][8]. The solutions proposed imply slight but essential modifications in the coil windings and structure of the magnet, such that the effective cross-section of the helium-filled channels towards the heat sink becomes as large as possible.…”