Now You See Her, Now You Don’t: Sex Workers at the UN Trafficking                 Protocol Negotiation

Doezema, Jo

doi:10.1177/0964663905049526

Cited by 138 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Authors take as their starting point the contentious issue of women's vulnerability to sexual harm in the context of people trafficking (FitzGerald; Carline; Kotiswaran), prostitution and neoliberalism (FitzGerald; Cowan; Munro and Scoular; Carline) and bondage and discipline, sadism and masochism (BDSM) (Cowan). These issues are well rehearsed within feminist scholarship and need no further elaboration here (Barry 1995;Hughes 2000;Kempadoo and Doezema 1998;Doezema 2005;Sullivan 2010). It is not our intention in what follows to interrogate these issues per se.…”

Section: Re-engaging With Vulnerabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Work and the Regulation of Vulnerability(ies): Introduction

FitzGerald

Munro

2012

Fem Leg Stud

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This special issue focuses on the contemporary discourses and practices that have emerged, both nationally and internationally, around women's vulnerability to sexual harm. More specifically, it provides an interdisciplinary feminist critique of the racialised and gendered ways in which women's vulnerability to 'sexual exploitation' has often been constructed and responded to.The majority of the papers included here expand upon initial discussions undertaken by their authors at an invited panel, convened by the editors and hosted at the 'Good Sex, Bad Sex' conference in Prague in 2010. By bringing these papers together in this collection, our aim is to move towards a stronger feminist intellectual framework for accommodating, engaging with and resisting, the strategic ways in which discourses of women's vulnerability are deployed by those who govern.Across the special issue, we offer a series of articles that-without denying the concept's emotive and progressive potential-examine how the cultural and moral discourses of women's sexual vulnerability have been used, and misused, in order to advance specific political agendas, thereby generating negative as well as positive impacts upon women's lives. None of the contributors in this collection seek to deny the reality of women's vulnerability to sexual exploitation, nor do they suggest that governments across the globe do not have a vital role to play in protecting women from sexual harm and upholding their human rights. But this does not preclude us from counselling caution regarding the ways in which the label of vulnerability is constructed, applied and deployed in contemporary debates around sexual exploitation, where a range of other social, economic and political agendas are implicated.

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Section: Re-engaging With Vulnerabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Work and the Regulation of Vulnerability(ies): Introduction

FitzGerald

Munro

2012

Fem Leg Stud

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“…Many sex work scholars and activists deploy this classical liberal feminist framework to argue that when subject to physical coercion and exploitation, sex workers are slaves, but otherwise they voluntarily contract to sell their detachable bodily property (Cavalieri 2011). The focus on certain interpersonal means-physical force, violence or its threat, and deception-in combination with specific purposes-exploitation-operates to draw the line between trafficking (unfree labour) and free migrant sex work (or free wage labour) (Adams 2003;Agustín 2006;Ditmore 2008;Doezema 2005;NSWP 2011;Mai 2009;Murray 2001).…”

Section: Part Two: Liberal Feminism Migrant Sex Work and Traffickingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A human rights-based response is then advocated for voluntary migrant sex workers and trafficked victims, combined with the criminalisation of trafficking. While not always evidenced through empirical data, this definition of consent and exploitation marks the threshold of unfree/ free migrant sex work for many activists, NGOs, and academics (see, for example, GAATW 2010; NSWP 2011; Bindman and Doezema 1997;Doezema 2005).…”

Section: Sex Work and Unfree/free Labourmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the same time, sex worker rights activists and academics have denounced the anti-trafficking response of nation states, international bodies, and radical feminists (or 'abolitionists'). The argument that anti-trafficking law has proven all but useless in assisting victims and has negatively impacted on migrant sex workers in general is now widespread among both sex worker rights activists and scholars, in the UK and beyond (Agustín 2006(Agustín , 2007Bernstein 2010;Doezema 2005;Hill 2011;Gira Grant 2014;NSWP 2011;O'Connell Davidson 2006Scoular and O'Neill 2007;SWAN 2015;x:talk project 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Beyond Liberalism: Marxist Feminism, Migrant Sex Work, and Labour Unfreedom

Cruz

2018

Fem Leg Stud

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In this article, I use a Marxist feminist methodology to map the organisation of migrant sex workers' socially reproductive paid and unpaid labour in one city and country of arrival, London, UK. I argue that unfree and 'free' (sexual) labour exists on a continuum of capitalist relations of (re)production, which are gendered, racialised, and legal. It is within these relations that various actors implement, and migrant sex workers contest, unfree labour practices not limited to the most extreme forms. My analysis reveals that many migrant sex workers have very limited 'freedom'. This is in stark contrast to the classical liberal claim of sex worker rights activists and academics that the vast majority of migrant sex workers are free, and therefore not coerced, exploited or trafficked. I then consider whether the emerging labour approach to trafficking could help achieve 'freedom' for migrant sex workers. Advocates argue that anti-trafficking efforts must, and can, be refocused on extending minimum labour and social protections to all vulnerable workers. I argue that this approach is disconnected from material interests and history. Rather, migrant sex workers, sex worker rights activists, and all migrant and citizen workers and activists globally must collectively organise against 'labour unfreedom' and hence for meaningful control over their labour and lives.

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“…Divisiveness within the movement is widespread and has permeated feminist NGO networks, state delegations that are working to pass international legislation, and national governments that are working to pass national legislation (Kempadoo et al 2005;Lobasz 2009;Doezema 2002;Doezema 2005;Doezema 2010;Outshoorn 2005). This divisiveness was apparent The problem with this consent-coercion debate is that it often focuses attention on the wrong end of the issue.…”

Section: Pornography Prostitution and Trafficking In Southern Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

Policy Responses to Human Trafficking in Southern Africa: Domesticating International Norms

Britton

Dean

2014

Hum Rights Rev

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Human trafficking is increasingly recognized as an outcome of economic insecurity, gender inequality, and conflict, all significant factors in the region of southern Africa. This paper examines policy responses to human trafficking in southern Africa and finds that there has been a diffusion of international norms to the regional and domestic levels. This paper finds that policy change is most notable in the strategies and approaches that differ at each level: international and regional agreements emphasize prevention measures and survivor assistance, but national policies emphasize prosecution measures. Leaders across the region have adapted these policy norms to fit regionally specific conditions, including HIV/AIDS, conflict, traditional leaders, and prostitution. Yet, national policies often fail to incorporate preventative solutions to address gender inequality, human rights, and economic development. Until appropriate funding and preventative measures are introduced, the underlying issues that foster human trafficking will continue. KeywordsNorms diffusion -Human trafficking -Southern African Development Community -ProstitutionChild trafficking 2 This paper examines policy approaches used to address human trafficking in southern Africa. 1 We argue that the theories of international norm diffusion and localization Human trafficking and gender-based violence are extremely prevalent in post-conflict societies as unexpected and lasting consequences of war. Facilitated by poverty, disruption in social structures, and discriminatory gender systems, human trafficking poses a threat to human security in Africa by challenging the rule of law, societal peace, and the welfare state (Jonsson 2009). Many southern African countries experienced protracted civil conflict in their quest to gain independence from colonial and apartheid powers during the latter half of the 20 th century. Now, more than two decades after liberation in most countries, the legacies of war and racial and gender inequality remain. There have been successful, national-level public initiatives to increase women's representation in national office, implement democratic institutions, and support transformative development programs. Despite these initiatives, the region still faces significant gender inequality, economic disparity, and interpersonal violence at the grassroots and household level. This context creates an enabling environment for human trafficking. The region is increasingly being utilized as a source of trafficked persons, a transit hub for trafficking networks, and a destination for trafficked persons and sex trafficking. for understanding how trafficking policies are being developed in southern Africa, and these support for this study. We especially thank Larry Hoyle of IPSR for his assistance in the use of Atlas.ti. We also wish to thank Alexandria Innes for her assistance with the French translation. We are grateful to the helpful comments from members of the Continuity, Change, and Credibility of Institutions (CCCI) Wor...

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Now You See Her, Now You Don’t: Sex Workers at the UN Trafficking Protocol Negotiation

Cited by 138 publications

References 22 publications

Sex Work and the Regulation of Vulnerability(ies): Introduction

Sex Work and the Regulation of Vulnerability(ies): Introduction

Beyond Liberalism: Marxist Feminism, Migrant Sex Work, and Labour Unfreedom

Policy Responses to Human Trafficking in Southern Africa: Domesticating International Norms

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