NOx formation in two-stage methane–air flames

Li, S.C; Williams, Forman A.

doi:10.1016/s0010-2180(99)00002-4

Cited by 176 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…One impact is that the flame temperature and chemical reaction rate are decreased due to the heat capacity of added steam and the diluted mole fraction of important chain branching radicals (e.g., O, CH, OH, etc.) [5,6]. This impact results in a lower burning velocity [7][8][9][10], which brings a higher LBO risk for burning fuels with low reaction rate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of the Steam Addition on Premixed Methane Air Combustion at Atmospheric Pressure

Tong

Thern

et al. 2017

Energies

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Steam-diluted combustion in gas turbine systems is an effective approach to control pollutant emissions and improve the gas turbine efficiency. The primary purpose of the present research is to analyze the influence of steam dilution on the combustion stability, flame structures, and CO emissions of a swirl-stabilized gas turbine model combustor under atmospheric pressure conditions. The premixed methane/air/steam flame was investigated with three preheating temperatures (384 K/434 K/484 K) and the equivalence ratio was varied from stoichiometric conditions to the flammability limits where the flame was physically blown out from the combustor. In order to represent the steam dilution intensity, the steam fraction Ω defined as the steam to air mass flow rate ratio was used in this work. Exhaust gases were sampled with a water-cooled emission probe which was mounted at the combustor exit. A 120 mm length quartz liner was used which enabled the flame visualization and optical measurement. Time-averaged CH chemiluminescence imaging was conducted to characterize the flame location and it was further analyzed with the inverse Abel transform method. Chemical kinetics calculation was conducted to support and analyze the experimental results. It was found that the LBO (lean blowout) limits were increased with steam fraction. CH chemiluminescence imaging showed that with a high steam fraction, the flame length was elongated, but the flame structure was not altered. CO emissions were mapped as a function of the steam fraction, inlet air temperature, and equivalence ratios. Stable combustion with low CO emission can be achieved with an appropriate steam fraction operation range.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of the Steam Addition on Premixed Methane Air Combustion at Atmospheric Pressure

Tong

Thern

et al. 2017

Energies

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“…Many researchers have also focused on the development of appropriate NOx mechanisms for more detailed prediction and investigation of NOx emissions from flames. These include the Li and Williams mechanism [8] the Warnatz and Klaus mechanism [9], the Leeds mechanism [10], and the mechanisms discussed by Miller and Bowman [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there is no more previous researches of the pollutants emission by impinging diffusion flame, the simulation was performed with different fuels 4 CH , 8 3 H C , 10 4 H C . Further, we will explore the relationship between pollutant emissions and different hydrocarbons components.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impinging Diffusion Flame and NO Production

Ghiti¹,

Bentebbiche²,

Hanchi³

2013

IJET

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Abstract-This paper reports a numerical investigation of an impinging diffusion flame on the pollutant emission for tree hydrocarbon fuels characteristics. The effects of the wall plate, the nozzle diameter, the Reynolds number on both thermal and prompt NO production. This work based on the Pre PDF simulation and K Epsilon models for study the reactive turbulent flow spreading on the lateral wall. We found that when the temperature increases the production of thermal NO increase, the NO production is more influenced by the hydrocarbon fuels.

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“…Sonibare and Akeredolu (2005) identified exposure period and pollutant concentrations as major factors influencing environmental impacts of these flares but the species considered in the study were those formed from the overall chemical reactions of the reaction equations. Kinetic mechanisms of combustion reactions are complex; for instance about 177 reactions steps were identified by Li and Williams (1999) as taking place in natural gas combustion. Though the claim by Strosher (2000) that most of these products are destroyed in the flame before release into the atmosphere could be justified, there is a need for the various products resulting from interaction between the emissions from these flares and atmospheric compositions to be accounted for, if only for environmental protection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review of Natural Gas Flares-Induced Secondary Air Pollutants

Sonibare

2013

Global NEST Journal

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Application of material balance analysis (in one of our previous studies) to natural gas flare in the upstream petroleum operations confirmed the emission of primary air pollutants in form of CO, CO 2 , NO, and NO 2 from "sweet" natural gas while "sour" gas emits SO 2 in addition; incomplete combustion may be an impetus for the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the atmosphere from this same source. In this article, the significance of these gaseous emissions in the formation of secondary air pollutants in the atmosphere is reviewed for the purpose of air pollution control strategy. The goal is to describe the formation mechanism, to determine the influencing factors in formation along with environmental impacts and to identify the required technological and policy control approach for an improved environmental protection.

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NOx formation in two-stage methane–air flames

Cited by 176 publications

References 19 publications

Influence of the Steam Addition on Premixed Methane Air Combustion at Atmospheric Pressure

Influence of the Steam Addition on Premixed Methane Air Combustion at Atmospheric Pressure

Impinging Diffusion Flame and NO Production

A Critical Review of Natural Gas Flares-Induced Secondary Air Pollutants

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